code/trunk/pcre_compile.c

/*************************************************
*      Perl-Compatible Regular Expressions       *
*************************************************/

/* PCRE is a library of functions to support regular expressions whose syntax
and semantics are as close as possible to those of the Perl 5 language.

                       Written by Philip Hazel
           Copyright (c) 1997-2013 University of Cambridge

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
      this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

    * Neither the name of the University of Cambridge nor the names of its
      contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
      this software without specific prior written permission.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/


/* This module contains the external function pcre_compile(), along with
supporting internal functions that are not used by other modules. */


#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include "config.h"
#endif

#define NLBLOCK cd             /* Block containing newline information */
#define PSSTART start_pattern  /* Field containing processed string start */
#define PSEND   end_pattern    /* Field containing processed string end */

#include "pcre_internal.h"


/* When PCRE_DEBUG is defined, we need the pcre(16|32)_printint() function, which
is also used by pcretest. PCRE_DEBUG is not defined when building a production
library. We do not need to select pcre16_printint.c specially, because the
COMPILE_PCREx macro will already be appropriately set. */

#ifdef PCRE_DEBUG
/* pcre_printint.c should not include any headers */
#define PCRE_INCLUDED
#include "pcre_printint.c"
#undef PCRE_INCLUDED
#endif


/* Macro for setting individual bits in class bitmaps. */

#define SETBIT(a,b) a[(b)/8] |= (1 << ((b)&7))

/* Maximum length value to check against when making sure that the integer that
holds the compiled pattern length does not overflow. We make it a bit less than
INT_MAX to allow for adding in group terminating bytes, so that we don't have
to check them every time. */

#define OFLOW_MAX (INT_MAX - 20)

/* Definitions to allow mutual recursion */

static int
  add_list_to_class(pcre_uint8 *, pcre_uchar **, int, compile_data *,
    const pcre_uint32 *, unsigned int);

static BOOL
  compile_regex(int, pcre_uchar **, const pcre_uchar **, int *, BOOL, BOOL, int, int,
    pcre_uint32 *, pcre_int32 *, pcre_uint32 *, pcre_int32 *, branch_chain *,
    compile_data *, int *);


/*************************************************
*      Code parameters and static tables         *
*************************************************/

/* This value specifies the size of stack workspace that is used during the
first pre-compile phase that determines how much memory is required. The regex
is partly compiled into this space, but the compiled parts are discarded as
soon as they can be, so that hopefully there will never be an overrun. The code
does, however, check for an overrun. The largest amount I've seen used is 218,
so this number is very generous.

The same workspace is used during the second, actual compile phase for
remembering forward references to groups so that they can be filled in at the
end. Each entry in this list occupies LINK_SIZE bytes, so even when LINK_SIZE
is 4 there is plenty of room for most patterns. However, the memory can get
filled up by repetitions of forward references, for example patterns like
/(?1){0,1999}(b)/, and one user did hit the limit. The code has been changed so
that the workspace is expanded using malloc() in this situation. The value
below is therefore a minimum, and we put a maximum on it for safety. The
minimum is now also defined in terms of LINK_SIZE so that the use of malloc()
kicks in at the same number of forward references in all cases. */

#define COMPILE_WORK_SIZE (2048*LINK_SIZE)
#define COMPILE_WORK_SIZE_MAX (100*COMPILE_WORK_SIZE)

/* The overrun tests check for a slightly smaller size so that they detect the
overrun before it actually does run off the end of the data block. */

#define WORK_SIZE_SAFETY_MARGIN (100)

/* Private flags added to firstchar and reqchar. */

#define REQ_CASELESS    (1 << 0)        /* Indicates caselessness */
#define REQ_VARY        (1 << 1)        /* Reqchar followed non-literal item */
/* Negative values for the firstchar and reqchar flags */
#define REQ_UNSET       (-2)
#define REQ_NONE        (-1)

/* Repeated character flags. */

#define UTF_LENGTH     0x10000000l      /* The char contains its length. */

/* Table for handling escaped characters in the range '0'-'z'. Positive returns
are simple data values; negative values are for special things like \d and so
on. Zero means further processing is needed (for things like \x), or the escape
is invalid. */

#ifndef EBCDIC

/* This is the "normal" table for ASCII systems or for EBCDIC systems running
in UTF-8 mode. */

static const short int escapes[] = {
     0,                       0,
     0,                       0,
     0,                       0,
     0,                       0,
     0,                       0,
     CHAR_COLON,              CHAR_SEMICOLON,
     CHAR_LESS_THAN_SIGN,     CHAR_EQUALS_SIGN,
     CHAR_GREATER_THAN_SIGN,  CHAR_QUESTION_MARK,
     CHAR_COMMERCIAL_AT,      -ESC_A,
     -ESC_B,                  -ESC_C,
     -ESC_D,                  -ESC_E,
     0,                       -ESC_G,
     -ESC_H,                  0,
     0,                       -ESC_K,
     0,                       0,
     -ESC_N,                  0,
     -ESC_P,                  -ESC_Q,
     -ESC_R,                  -ESC_S,
     0,                       0,
     -ESC_V,                  -ESC_W,
     -ESC_X,                  0,
     -ESC_Z,                  CHAR_LEFT_SQUARE_BRACKET,
     CHAR_BACKSLASH,          CHAR_RIGHT_SQUARE_BRACKET,
     CHAR_CIRCUMFLEX_ACCENT,  CHAR_UNDERSCORE,
     CHAR_GRAVE_ACCENT,       7,
     -ESC_b,                  0,
     -ESC_d,                  ESC_e,
     ESC_f,                   0,
     -ESC_h,                  0,
     0,                       -ESC_k,
     0,                       0,
     ESC_n,                   0,
     -ESC_p,                  0,
     ESC_r,                   -ESC_s,
     ESC_tee,                 0,
     -ESC_v,                  -ESC_w,
     0,                       0,
     -ESC_z
};

#else

/* This is the "abnormal" table for EBCDIC systems without UTF-8 support. */

static const short int escapes[] = {
/*  48 */     0,     0,      0,     '.',    '<',   '(',    '+',    '|',
/*  50 */   '&',     0,      0,       0,      0,     0,      0,      0,
/*  58 */     0,     0,    '!',     '$',    '*',   ')',    ';',    '~',
/*  60 */   '-',   '/',      0,       0,      0,     0,      0,      0,
/*  68 */     0,     0,    '|',     ',',    '%',   '_',    '>',    '?',
/*  70 */     0,     0,      0,       0,      0,     0,      0,      0,
/*  78 */     0,   '`',    ':',     '#',    '@',  '\'',    '=',    '"',
/*  80 */     0,     7, -ESC_b,       0, -ESC_d, ESC_e,  ESC_f,      0,
/*  88 */-ESC_h,     0,      0,     '{',      0,     0,      0,      0,
/*  90 */     0,     0, -ESC_k,     'l',      0, ESC_n,      0, -ESC_p,
/*  98 */     0, ESC_r,      0,     '}',      0,     0,      0,      0,
/*  A0 */     0,   '~', -ESC_s, ESC_tee,      0,-ESC_v, -ESC_w,      0,
/*  A8 */     0,-ESC_z,      0,       0,      0,   '[',      0,      0,
/*  B0 */     0,     0,      0,       0,      0,     0,      0,      0,
/*  B8 */     0,     0,      0,       0,      0,   ']',    '=',    '-',
/*  C0 */   '{',-ESC_A, -ESC_B,  -ESC_C, -ESC_D,-ESC_E,      0, -ESC_G,
/*  C8 */-ESC_H,     0,      0,       0,      0,     0,      0,      0,
/*  D0 */   '}',     0, -ESC_K,       0,      0,-ESC_N,      0, -ESC_P,
/*  D8 */-ESC_Q,-ESC_R,      0,       0,      0,     0,      0,      0,
/*  E0 */  '\\',     0, -ESC_S,       0,      0,-ESC_V, -ESC_W, -ESC_X,
/*  E8 */     0,-ESC_Z,      0,       0,      0,     0,      0,      0,
/*  F0 */     0,     0,      0,       0,      0,     0,      0,      0,
/*  F8 */     0,     0,      0,       0,      0,     0,      0,      0
};
#endif


/* Table of special "verbs" like (*PRUNE). This is a short table, so it is
searched linearly. Put all the names into a single string, in order to reduce
the number of relocations when a shared library is dynamically linked. The
string is built from string macros so that it works in UTF-8 mode on EBCDIC
platforms. */

typedef struct verbitem {
  int   len;                 /* Length of verb name */
  int   op;                  /* Op when no arg, or -1 if arg mandatory */
  int   op_arg;              /* Op when arg present, or -1 if not allowed */
} verbitem;

static const char verbnames[] =
  "\0"                       /* Empty name is a shorthand for MARK */
  STRING_MARK0
  STRING_ACCEPT0
  STRING_COMMIT0
  STRING_F0
  STRING_FAIL0
  STRING_PRUNE0
  STRING_SKIP0
  STRING_THEN;

static const verbitem verbs[] = {
  { 0, -1,        OP_MARK },
  { 4, -1,        OP_MARK },
  { 6, OP_ACCEPT, -1 },
  { 6, OP_COMMIT, -1 },
  { 1, OP_FAIL,   -1 },
  { 4, OP_FAIL,   -1 },
  { 5, OP_PRUNE,  OP_PRUNE_ARG },
  { 4, OP_SKIP,   OP_SKIP_ARG  },
  { 4, OP_THEN,   OP_THEN_ARG  }
};

static const int verbcount = sizeof(verbs)/sizeof(verbitem);


/* Tables of names of POSIX character classes and their lengths. The names are
now all in a single string, to reduce the number of relocations when a shared
library is dynamically loaded. The list of lengths is terminated by a zero
length entry. The first three must be alpha, lower, upper, as this is assumed
for handling case independence. */

static const char posix_names[] =
  STRING_alpha0 STRING_lower0 STRING_upper0 STRING_alnum0
  STRING_ascii0 STRING_blank0 STRING_cntrl0 STRING_digit0
  STRING_graph0 STRING_print0 STRING_punct0 STRING_space0
  STRING_word0  STRING_xdigit;

static const pcre_uint8 posix_name_lengths[] = {
  5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 6, 0 };

/* Table of class bit maps for each POSIX class. Each class is formed from a
base map, with an optional addition or removal of another map. Then, for some
classes, there is some additional tweaking: for [:blank:] the vertical space
characters are removed, and for [:alpha:] and [:alnum:] the underscore
character is removed. The triples in the table consist of the base map offset,
second map offset or -1 if no second map, and a non-negative value for map
addition or a negative value for map subtraction (if there are two maps). The
absolute value of the third field has these meanings: 0 => no tweaking, 1 =>
remove vertical space characters, 2 => remove underscore. */

static const int posix_class_maps[] = {
  cbit_word,  cbit_digit, -2,             /* alpha */
  cbit_lower, -1,          0,             /* lower */
  cbit_upper, -1,          0,             /* upper */
  cbit_word,  -1,          2,             /* alnum - word without underscore */
  cbit_print, cbit_cntrl,  0,             /* ascii */
  cbit_space, -1,          1,             /* blank - a GNU extension */
  cbit_cntrl, -1,          0,             /* cntrl */
  cbit_digit, -1,          0,             /* digit */
  cbit_graph, -1,          0,             /* graph */
  cbit_print, -1,          0,             /* print */
  cbit_punct, -1,          0,             /* punct */
  cbit_space, -1,          0,             /* space */
  cbit_word,  -1,          0,             /* word - a Perl extension */
  cbit_xdigit,-1,          0              /* xdigit */
};

/* Table of substitutes for \d etc when PCRE_UCP is set. The POSIX class
substitutes must be in the order of the names, defined above, and there are
both positive and negative cases. NULL means no substitute. */

#ifdef SUPPORT_UCP
static const pcre_uchar string_PNd[]  = {
  CHAR_BACKSLASH, CHAR_P, CHAR_LEFT_CURLY_BRACKET,
  CHAR_N, CHAR_d, CHAR_RIGHT_CURLY_BRACKET, '\0' };
static const pcre_uchar string_pNd[]  = {
  CHAR_BACKSLASH, CHAR_p, CHAR_LEFT_CURLY_BRACKET,
  CHAR_N, CHAR_d, CHAR_RIGHT_CURLY_BRACKET, '\0' };
static const pcre_uchar string_PXsp[] = {
  CHAR_BACKSLASH, CHAR_P, CHAR_LEFT_CURLY_BRACKET,
  CHAR_X, CHAR_s, CHAR_p, CHAR_RIGHT_CURLY_BRACKET, '\0' };
static const pcre_uchar string_pXsp[] = {
  CHAR_BACKSLASH, CHAR_p, CHAR_LEFT_CURLY_BRACKET,
  CHAR_X, CHAR_s, CHAR_p, CHAR_RIGHT_CURLY_BRACKET, '\0' };
static const pcre_uchar string_PXwd[] = {
  CHAR_BACKSLASH, CHAR_P, CHAR_LEFT_CURLY_BRACKET,
  CHAR_X, CHAR_w, CHAR_d, CHAR_RIGHT_CURLY_BRACKET, '\0' };
static const pcre_uchar string_pXwd[] = {
  CHAR_BACKSLASH, CHAR_p, CHAR_LEFT_CURLY_BRACKET,
  CHAR_X, CHAR_w, CHAR_d, CHAR_RIGHT_CURLY_BRACKET, '\0' };

static const pcre_uchar *substitutes[] = {
  string_PNd,           /* \D */
  string_pNd,           /* \d */
  string_PXsp,          /* \S */       /* NOTE: Xsp is Perl space */
  string_pXsp,          /* \s */
  string_PXwd,          /* \W */
  string_pXwd           /* \w */
};

static const pcre_uchar string_pL[] =   {
  CHAR_BACKSLASH, CHAR_p, CHAR_LEFT_CURLY_BRACKET,
  CHAR_L, CHAR_RIGHT_CURLY_BRACKET, '\0' };
static const pcre_uchar string_pLl[] =  {
  CHAR_BACKSLASH, CHAR_p, CHAR_LEFT_CURLY_BRACKET,
  CHAR_L, CHAR_l, CHAR_RIGHT_CURLY_BRACKET, '\0' };
static const pcre_uchar string_pLu[] =  {
  CHAR_BACKSLASH, CHAR_p, CHAR_LEFT_CURLY_BRACKET,
  CHAR_L, CHAR_u, CHAR_RIGHT_CURLY_BRACKET, '\0' };
static const pcre_uchar string_pXan[] = {
  CHAR_BACKSLASH, CHAR_p, CHAR_LEFT_CURLY_BRACKET,
  CHAR_X, CHAR_a, CHAR_n, CHAR_RIGHT_CURLY_BRACKET, '\0' };
static const pcre_uchar string_h[] =    {
  CHAR_BACKSLASH, CHAR_h, '\0' };
static const pcre_uchar string_pXps[] = {
  CHAR_BACKSLASH, CHAR_p, CHAR_LEFT_CURLY_BRACKET,
  CHAR_X, CHAR_p, CHAR_s, CHAR_RIGHT_CURLY_BRACKET, '\0' };
static const pcre_uchar string_PL[] =   {
  CHAR_BACKSLASH, CHAR_P, CHAR_LEFT_CURLY_BRACKET,
  CHAR_L, CHAR_RIGHT_CURLY_BRACKET, '\0' };
static const pcre_uchar string_PLl[] =  {
  CHAR_BACKSLASH, CHAR_P, CHAR_LEFT_CURLY_BRACKET,
  CHAR_L, CHAR_l, CHAR_RIGHT_CURLY_BRACKET, '\0' };
static const pcre_uchar string_PLu[] =  {
  CHAR_BACKSLASH, CHAR_P, CHAR_LEFT_CURLY_BRACKET,
  CHAR_L, CHAR_u, CHAR_RIGHT_CURLY_BRACKET, '\0' };
static const pcre_uchar string_PXan[] = {
  CHAR_BACKSLASH, CHAR_P, CHAR_LEFT_CURLY_BRACKET,
  CHAR_X, CHAR_a, CHAR_n, CHAR_RIGHT_CURLY_BRACKET, '\0' };
static const pcre_uchar string_H[] =    {
  CHAR_BACKSLASH, CHAR_H, '\0' };
static const pcre_uchar string_PXps[] = {
  CHAR_BACKSLASH, CHAR_P, CHAR_LEFT_CURLY_BRACKET,
  CHAR_X, CHAR_p, CHAR_s, CHAR_RIGHT_CURLY_BRACKET, '\0' };

static const pcre_uchar *posix_substitutes[] = {
  string_pL,            /* alpha */
  string_pLl,           /* lower */
  string_pLu,           /* upper */
  string_pXan,          /* alnum */
  NULL,                 /* ascii */
  string_h,             /* blank */
  NULL,                 /* cntrl */
  string_pNd,           /* digit */
  NULL,                 /* graph */
  NULL,                 /* print */
  NULL,                 /* punct */
  string_pXps,          /* space */    /* NOTE: Xps is POSIX space */
  string_pXwd,          /* word */
  NULL,                 /* xdigit */
  /* Negated cases */
  string_PL,            /* ^alpha */
  string_PLl,           /* ^lower */
  string_PLu,           /* ^upper */
  string_PXan,          /* ^alnum */
  NULL,                 /* ^ascii */
  string_H,             /* ^blank */
  NULL,                 /* ^cntrl */
  string_PNd,           /* ^digit */
  NULL,                 /* ^graph */
  NULL,                 /* ^print */
  NULL,                 /* ^punct */
  string_PXps,          /* ^space */   /* NOTE: Xps is POSIX space */
  string_PXwd,          /* ^word */
  NULL                  /* ^xdigit */
};
#define POSIX_SUBSIZE (sizeof(posix_substitutes) / sizeof(pcre_uchar *))
#endif

#define STRING(a)  # a
#define XSTRING(s) STRING(s)

/* The texts of compile-time error messages. These are "char *" because they
are passed to the outside world. Do not ever re-use any error number, because
they are documented. Always add a new error instead. Messages marked DEAD below
are no longer used. This used to be a table of strings, but in order to reduce
the number of relocations needed when a shared library is loaded dynamically,
it is now one long string. We cannot use a table of offsets, because the
lengths of inserts such as XSTRING(MAX_NAME_SIZE) are not known. Instead, we
simply count through to the one we want - this isn't a performance issue
because these strings are used only when there is a compilation error.

Each substring ends with \0 to insert a null character. This includes the final
substring, so that the whole string ends with \0\0, which can be detected when
counting through. */

static const char error_texts[] =
  "no error\0"
  "\\ at end of pattern\0"
  "\\c at end of pattern\0"
  "unrecognized character follows \\\0"
  "numbers out of order in {} quantifier\0"
  /* 5 */
  "number too big in {} quantifier\0"
  "missing terminating ] for character class\0"
  "invalid escape sequence in character class\0"
  "range out of order in character class\0"
  "nothing to repeat\0"
  /* 10 */
  "operand of unlimited repeat could match the empty string\0"  /** DEAD **/
  "internal error: unexpected repeat\0"
  "unrecognized character after (? or (?-\0"
  "POSIX named classes are supported only within a class\0"
  "missing )\0"
  /* 15 */
  "reference to non-existent subpattern\0"
  "erroffset passed as NULL\0"
  "unknown option bit(s) set\0"
  "missing ) after comment\0"
  "parentheses nested too deeply\0"  /** DEAD **/
  /* 20 */
  "regular expression is too large\0"
  "failed to get memory\0"
  "unmatched parentheses\0"
  "internal error: code overflow\0"
  "unrecognized character after (?<\0"
  /* 25 */
  "lookbehind assertion is not fixed length\0"
  "malformed number or name after (?(\0"
  "conditional group contains more than two branches\0"
  "assertion expected after (?(\0"
  "(?R or (?[+-]digits must be followed by )\0"
  /* 30 */
  "unknown POSIX class name\0"
  "POSIX collating elements are not supported\0"
  "this version of PCRE is compiled without UTF support\0"
  "spare error\0"  /** DEAD **/
  "character value in \\x{...} sequence is too large\0"
  /* 35 */
  "invalid condition (?(0)\0"
  "\\C not allowed in lookbehind assertion\0"
  "PCRE does not support \\L, \\l, \\N{name}, \\U, or \\u\0"
  "number after (?C is > 255\0"
  "closing ) for (?C expected\0"
  /* 40 */
  "recursive call could loop indefinitely\0"
  "unrecognized character after (?P\0"
  "syntax error in subpattern name (missing terminator)\0"
  "two named subpatterns have the same name\0"
  "invalid UTF-8 string\0"
  /* 45 */
  "support for \\P, \\p, and \\X has not been compiled\0"
  "malformed \\P or \\p sequence\0"
  "unknown property name after \\P or \\p\0"
  "subpattern name is too long (maximum " XSTRING(MAX_NAME_SIZE) " characters)\0"
  "too many named subpatterns (maximum " XSTRING(MAX_NAME_COUNT) ")\0"
  /* 50 */
  "repeated subpattern is too long\0"    /** DEAD **/
  "octal value is greater than \\377 in 8-bit non-UTF-8 mode\0"
  "internal error: overran compiling workspace\0"
  "internal error: previously-checked referenced subpattern not found\0"
  "DEFINE group contains more than one branch\0"
  /* 55 */
  "repeating a DEFINE group is not allowed\0"  /** DEAD **/
  "inconsistent NEWLINE options\0"
  "\\g is not followed by a braced, angle-bracketed, or quoted name/number or by a plain number\0"
  "a numbered reference must not be zero\0"
  "an argument is not allowed for (*ACCEPT), (*FAIL), or (*COMMIT)\0"
  /* 60 */
  "(*VERB) not recognized or malformed\0"
  "number is too big\0"
  "subpattern name expected\0"
  "digit expected after (?+\0"
  "] is an invalid data character in JavaScript compatibility mode\0"
  /* 65 */
  "different names for subpatterns of the same number are not allowed\0"
  "(*MARK) must have an argument\0"
  "this version of PCRE is not compiled with Unicode property support\0"
  "\\c must be followed by an ASCII character\0"
  "\\k is not followed by a braced, angle-bracketed, or quoted name\0"
  /* 70 */
  "internal error: unknown opcode in find_fixedlength()\0"
  "\\N is not supported in a class\0"
  "too many forward references\0"
  "disallowed Unicode code point (>= 0xd800 && <= 0xdfff)\0"
  "invalid UTF-16 string\0"
  /* 75 */
  "name is too long in (*MARK), (*PRUNE), (*SKIP), or (*THEN)\0"
  "character value in \\u.... sequence is too large\0"
  "invalid UTF-32 string\0"
  "setting UTF is disabled by the application\0"
  ;

/* Table to identify digits and hex digits. This is used when compiling
patterns. Note that the tables in chartables are dependent on the locale, and
may mark arbitrary characters as digits - but the PCRE compiling code expects
to handle only 0-9, a-z, and A-Z as digits when compiling. That is why we have
a private table here. It costs 256 bytes, but it is a lot faster than doing
character value tests (at least in some simple cases I timed), and in some
applications one wants PCRE to compile efficiently as well as match
efficiently.

For convenience, we use the same bit definitions as in chartables:

  0x04   decimal digit
  0x08   hexadecimal digit

Then we can use ctype_digit and ctype_xdigit in the code. */

/* Using a simple comparison for decimal numbers rather than a memory read
is much faster, and the resulting code is simpler (the compiler turns it
into a subtraction and unsigned comparison). */

#define IS_DIGIT(x) ((x) >= CHAR_0 && (x) <= CHAR_9)

#ifndef EBCDIC

/* This is the "normal" case, for ASCII systems, and EBCDIC systems running in
UTF-8 mode. */

static const pcre_uint8 digitab[] =
  {
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*   0-  7 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*   8- 15 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  16- 23 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  24- 31 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*    - '  */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  ( - /  */
  0x0c,0x0c,0x0c,0x0c,0x0c,0x0c,0x0c,0x0c, /*  0 - 7  */
  0x0c,0x0c,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  8 - ?  */
  0x00,0x08,0x08,0x08,0x08,0x08,0x08,0x00, /*  @ - G  */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  H - O  */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  P - W  */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  X - _  */
  0x00,0x08,0x08,0x08,0x08,0x08,0x08,0x00, /*  ` - g  */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  h - o  */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  p - w  */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  x -127 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /* 128-135 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /* 136-143 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /* 144-151 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /* 152-159 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /* 160-167 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /* 168-175 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /* 176-183 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /* 184-191 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /* 192-199 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /* 200-207 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /* 208-215 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /* 216-223 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /* 224-231 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /* 232-239 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /* 240-247 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00};/* 248-255 */

#else

/* This is the "abnormal" case, for EBCDIC systems not running in UTF-8 mode. */

static const pcre_uint8 digitab[] =
  {
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*   0-  7  0 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*   8- 15    */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  16- 23 10 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  24- 31    */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  32- 39 20 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  40- 47    */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  48- 55 30 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  56- 63    */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*    - 71 40 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  72- |     */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  & - 87 50 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  88- 95    */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  - -103 60 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /* 104- ?     */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /* 112-119 70 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /* 120- "     */
  0x00,0x08,0x08,0x08,0x08,0x08,0x08,0x00, /* 128- g  80 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  h -143    */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /* 144- p  90 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  q -159    */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /* 160- x  A0 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  y -175    */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  ^ -183 B0 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /* 184-191    */
  0x00,0x08,0x08,0x08,0x08,0x08,0x08,0x00, /*  { - G  C0 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  H -207    */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  } - P  D0 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  Q -223    */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  \ - X  E0 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  Y -239    */
  0x0c,0x0c,0x0c,0x0c,0x0c,0x0c,0x0c,0x0c, /*  0 - 7  F0 */
  0x0c,0x0c,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00};/*  8 -255    */

static const pcre_uint8 ebcdic_chartab[] = { /* chartable partial dup */
  0x80,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x01,0x00,0x00, /*   0-  7 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x01,0x01,0x00,0x00, /*   8- 15 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x01,0x00,0x00, /*  16- 23 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  24- 31 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x01,0x00,0x00, /*  32- 39 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  40- 47 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  48- 55 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  56- 63 */
  0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*    - 71 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x80,0x00,0x80,0x80,0x80, /*  72- |  */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  & - 87 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x80,0x80,0x80,0x00,0x00, /*  88- 95 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  - -103 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x10,0x00,0x80, /* 104- ?  */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /* 112-119 */
  0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /* 120- "  */
  0x00,0x1a,0x1a,0x1a,0x1a,0x1a,0x1a,0x12, /* 128- g  */
  0x12,0x12,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  h -143 */
  0x00,0x12,0x12,0x12,0x12,0x12,0x12,0x12, /* 144- p  */
  0x12,0x12,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  q -159 */
  0x00,0x00,0x12,0x12,0x12,0x12,0x12,0x12, /* 160- x  */
  0x12,0x12,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  y -175 */
  0x80,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  ^ -183 */
  0x00,0x00,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /* 184-191 */
  0x80,0x1a,0x1a,0x1a,0x1a,0x1a,0x1a,0x12, /*  { - G  */
  0x12,0x12,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  H -207 */
  0x00,0x12,0x12,0x12,0x12,0x12,0x12,0x12, /*  } - P  */
  0x12,0x12,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  Q -223 */
  0x00,0x00,0x12,0x12,0x12,0x12,0x12,0x12, /*  \ - X  */
  0x12,0x12,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*  Y -239 */
  0x1c,0x1c,0x1c,0x1c,0x1c,0x1c,0x1c,0x1c, /*  0 - 7  */
  0x1c,0x1c,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00};/*  8 -255 */
#endif


/*************************************************
*            Find an error text                  *
*************************************************/

/* The error texts are now all in one long string, to save on relocations. As
some of the text is of unknown length, we can't use a table of offsets.
Instead, just count through the strings. This is not a performance issue
because it happens only when there has been a compilation error.

Argument:   the error number
Returns:    pointer to the error string
*/

static const char *
find_error_text(int n)
{
const char *s = error_texts;
for (; n > 0; n--)
  {
  while (*s++ != CHAR_NULL) {};
  if (*s == CHAR_NULL) return "Error text not found (please report)";
  }
return s;
}


/*************************************************
*           Expand the workspace                 *
*************************************************/

/* This function is called during the second compiling phase, if the number of
forward references fills the existing workspace, which is originally a block on
the stack. A larger block is obtained from malloc() unless the ultimate limit
has been reached or the increase will be rather small.

Argument: pointer to the compile data block
Returns:  0 if all went well, else an error number
*/

static int
expand_workspace(compile_data *cd)
{
pcre_uchar *newspace;
int newsize = cd->workspace_size * 2;

if (newsize > COMPILE_WORK_SIZE_MAX) newsize = COMPILE_WORK_SIZE_MAX;
if (cd->workspace_size >= COMPILE_WORK_SIZE_MAX ||
    newsize - cd->workspace_size < WORK_SIZE_SAFETY_MARGIN)
 return ERR72;

newspace = (PUBL(malloc))(IN_UCHARS(newsize));
if (newspace == NULL) return ERR21;
memcpy(newspace, cd->start_workspace, cd->workspace_size * sizeof(pcre_uchar));
cd->hwm = (pcre_uchar *)newspace + (cd->hwm - cd->start_workspace);
if (cd->workspace_size > COMPILE_WORK_SIZE)
  (PUBL(free))((void *)cd->start_workspace);
cd->start_workspace = newspace;
cd->workspace_size = newsize;
return 0;
}


/*************************************************
*            Check for counted repeat            *
*************************************************/

/* This function is called when a '{' is encountered in a place where it might
start a quantifier. It looks ahead to see if it really is a quantifier or not.
It is only a quantifier if it is one of the forms {ddd} {ddd,} or {ddd,ddd}
where the ddds are digits.

Arguments:
  p         pointer to the first char after '{'

Returns:    TRUE or FALSE
*/

static BOOL
is_counted_repeat(const pcre_uchar *p)
{
if (!IS_DIGIT(*p)) return FALSE;
p++;
while (IS_DIGIT(*p)) p++;
if (*p == CHAR_RIGHT_CURLY_BRACKET) return TRUE;

if (*p++ != CHAR_COMMA) return FALSE;
if (*p == CHAR_RIGHT_CURLY_BRACKET) return TRUE;

if (!IS_DIGIT(*p)) return FALSE;
p++;
while (IS_DIGIT(*p)) p++;

return (*p == CHAR_RIGHT_CURLY_BRACKET);
}


/*************************************************
*            Handle escapes                      *
*************************************************/

/* This function is called when a \ has been encountered. It either returns a
positive value for a simple escape such as \n, or 0 for a data character
which will be placed in chptr. A backreference to group n is returned as
negative n. When UTF-8 is enabled, a positive value greater than 255 may
be returned in chptr.
On entry,ptr is pointing at the \. On exit, it is on the final character of the
escape sequence.

Arguments:
  ptrptr         points to the pattern position pointer
  chptr          points to the data character
  errorcodeptr   points to the errorcode variable
  bracount       number of previous extracting brackets
  options        the options bits
  isclass        TRUE if inside a character class

Returns:         zero => a data character
                 positive => a special escape sequence
                 negative => a back reference
                 on error, errorcodeptr is set
*/

static int
check_escape(const pcre_uchar **ptrptr, pcre_uint32 *chptr, int *errorcodeptr,
  int bracount, int options, BOOL isclass)
{
/* PCRE_UTF16 has the same value as PCRE_UTF8. */
BOOL utf = (options & PCRE_UTF8) != 0;
const pcre_uchar *ptr = *ptrptr + 1;
pcre_uint32 c;
int escape = 0;
int i;

GETCHARINCTEST(c, ptr);           /* Get character value, increment pointer */
ptr--;                            /* Set pointer back to the last byte */

/* If backslash is at the end of the pattern, it's an error. */

if (c == CHAR_NULL) *errorcodeptr = ERR1;

/* Non-alphanumerics are literals. For digits or letters, do an initial lookup
in a table. A non-zero result is something that can be returned immediately.
Otherwise further processing may be required. */

#ifndef EBCDIC  /* ASCII/UTF-8 coding */
/* Not alphanumeric */
else if (c < CHAR_0 || c > CHAR_z) {}
else if ((i = escapes[c - CHAR_0]) != 0)
  { if (i > 0) c = (pcre_uint32)i; else escape = -i; }

#else           /* EBCDIC coding */
/* Not alphanumeric */
else if (c < CHAR_a || (!MAX_255(c) || (ebcdic_chartab[c] & 0x0E) == 0)) {}
else if ((i = escapes[c - 0x48]) != 0)  { if (i > 0) c = (pcre_uint32)i; else escape = -i; }
#endif

/* Escapes that need further processing, or are illegal. */

else
  {
  const pcre_uchar *oldptr;
  BOOL braced, negated, overflow;
  int s;

  switch (c)
    {
    /* A number of Perl escapes are not handled by PCRE. We give an explicit
    error. */

    case CHAR_l:
    case CHAR_L:
    *errorcodeptr = ERR37;
    break;

    case CHAR_u:
    if ((options & PCRE_JAVASCRIPT_COMPAT) != 0)
      {
      /* In JavaScript, \u must be followed by four hexadecimal numbers.
      Otherwise it is a lowercase u letter. */
      if (MAX_255(ptr[1]) && (digitab[ptr[1]] & ctype_xdigit) != 0
        && MAX_255(ptr[2]) && (digitab[ptr[2]] & ctype_xdigit) != 0
        && MAX_255(ptr[3]) && (digitab[ptr[3]] & ctype_xdigit) != 0
        && MAX_255(ptr[4]) && (digitab[ptr[4]] & ctype_xdigit) != 0)
        {
        c = 0;
        for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
          {
          register pcre_uint32 cc = *(++ptr);
#ifndef EBCDIC  /* ASCII/UTF-8 coding */
          if (cc >= CHAR_a) cc -= 32;               /* Convert to upper case */
          c = (c << 4) + cc - ((cc < CHAR_A)? CHAR_0 : (CHAR_A - 10));
#else           /* EBCDIC coding */
          if (cc >= CHAR_a && cc <= CHAR_z) cc += 64;  /* Convert to upper case */
          c = (c << 4) + cc - ((cc >= CHAR_0)? CHAR_0 : (CHAR_A - 10));
#endif
          }

#if defined COMPILE_PCRE8
        if (c > (utf ? 0x10ffffU : 0xffU))
#elif defined COMPILE_PCRE16
        if (c > (utf ? 0x10ffffU : 0xffffU))
#elif defined COMPILE_PCRE32
        if (utf && c > 0x10ffffU)
#endif
          {
          *errorcodeptr = ERR76;
          }
        else if (utf && c >= 0xd800 && c <= 0xdfff) *errorcodeptr = ERR73;
        }
      }
    else
      *errorcodeptr = ERR37;
    break;

    case CHAR_U:
    /* In JavaScript, \U is an uppercase U letter. */
    if ((options & PCRE_JAVASCRIPT_COMPAT) == 0) *errorcodeptr = ERR37;
    break;

    /* In a character class, \g is just a literal "g". Outside a character
    class, \g must be followed by one of a number of specific things:

    (1) A number, either plain or braced. If positive, it is an absolute
    backreference. If negative, it is a relative backreference. This is a Perl
    5.10 feature.

    (2) Perl 5.10 also supports \g{name} as a reference to a named group. This
    is part of Perl's movement towards a unified syntax for back references. As
    this is synonymous with \k{name}, we fudge it up by pretending it really
    was \k.

    (3) For Oniguruma compatibility we also support \g followed by a name or a
    number either in angle brackets or in single quotes. However, these are
    (possibly recursive) subroutine calls, _not_ backreferences. Just return
    the ESC_g code (cf \k). */

    case CHAR_g:
    if (isclass) break;
    if (ptr[1] == CHAR_LESS_THAN_SIGN || ptr[1] == CHAR_APOSTROPHE)
      {
      escape = ESC_g;
      break;
      }

    /* Handle the Perl-compatible cases */

    if (ptr[1] == CHAR_LEFT_CURLY_BRACKET)
      {
      const pcre_uchar *p;
      for (p = ptr+2; *p != CHAR_NULL && *p != CHAR_RIGHT_CURLY_BRACKET; p++)
        if (*p != CHAR_MINUS && !IS_DIGIT(*p)) break;
      if (*p != CHAR_NULL && *p != CHAR_RIGHT_CURLY_BRACKET)
        {
        escape = ESC_k;
        break;
        }
      braced = TRUE;
      ptr++;
      }
    else braced = FALSE;

    if (ptr[1] == CHAR_MINUS)
      {
      negated = TRUE;
      ptr++;
      }
    else negated = FALSE;

    /* The integer range is limited by the machine's int representation. */
    s = 0;
    overflow = FALSE;
    while (IS_DIGIT(ptr[1]))
      {
      if (s > INT_MAX / 10 - 1) /* Integer overflow */
        {
        overflow = TRUE;
        break;
        }
      s = s * 10 + (int)(*(++ptr) - CHAR_0);
      }
    if (overflow) /* Integer overflow */
      {
      while (IS_DIGIT(ptr[1]))
        ptr++;
      *errorcodeptr = ERR61;
      break;
      }

    if (braced && *(++ptr) != CHAR_RIGHT_CURLY_BRACKET)
      {
      *errorcodeptr = ERR57;
      break;
      }

    if (s == 0)
      {
      *errorcodeptr = ERR58;
      break;
      }

    if (negated)
      {
      if (s > bracount)
        {
        *errorcodeptr = ERR15;
        break;
        }
      s = bracount - (s - 1);
      }

    escape = -s;
    break;

    /* The handling of escape sequences consisting of a string of digits
    starting with one that is not zero is not straightforward. By experiment,
    the way Perl works seems to be as follows:

    Outside a character class, the digits are read as a decimal number. If the
    number is less than 10, or if there are that many previous extracting
    left brackets, then it is a back reference. Otherwise, up to three octal
    digits are read to form an escaped byte. Thus \123 is likely to be octal
    123 (cf \0123, which is octal 012 followed by the literal 3). If the octal
    value is greater than 377, the least significant 8 bits are taken. Inside a
    character class, \ followed by a digit is always an octal number. */

    case CHAR_1: case CHAR_2: case CHAR_3: case CHAR_4: case CHAR_5:
    case CHAR_6: case CHAR_7: case CHAR_8: case CHAR_9:

    if (!isclass)
      {
      oldptr = ptr;
      /* The integer range is limited by the machine's int representation. */
      s = (int)(c -CHAR_0);
      overflow = FALSE;
      while (IS_DIGIT(ptr[1]))
        {
        if (s > INT_MAX / 10 - 1) /* Integer overflow */
          {
          overflow = TRUE;
          break;
          }
        s = s * 10 + (int)(*(++ptr) - CHAR_0);
        }
      if (overflow) /* Integer overflow */
        {
        while (IS_DIGIT(ptr[1]))
          ptr++;
        *errorcodeptr = ERR61;
        break;
        }
      if (s < 10 || s <= bracount)
        {
        escape = -s;
        break;
        }
      ptr = oldptr;      /* Put the pointer back and fall through */
      }

    /* Handle an octal number following \. If the first digit is 8 or 9, Perl
    generates a binary zero byte and treats the digit as a following literal.
    Thus we have to pull back the pointer by one. */

    if ((c = *ptr) >= CHAR_8)
      {
      ptr--;
      c = 0;
      break;
      }

    /* \0 always starts an octal number, but we may drop through to here with a
    larger first octal digit. The original code used just to take the least
    significant 8 bits of octal numbers (I think this is what early Perls used
    to do). Nowadays we allow for larger numbers in UTF-8 mode and 16-bit mode,
    but no more than 3 octal digits. */

    case CHAR_0:
    c -= CHAR_0;
    while(i++ < 2 && ptr[1] >= CHAR_0 && ptr[1] <= CHAR_7)
        c = c * 8 + *(++ptr) - CHAR_0;
#ifdef COMPILE_PCRE8
    if (!utf && c > 0xff) *errorcodeptr = ERR51;
#endif
    break;

    /* \x is complicated. \x{ddd} is a character number which can be greater
    than 0xff in utf or non-8bit mode, but only if the ddd are hex digits.
    If not, { is treated as a data character. */

    case CHAR_x:
    if ((options & PCRE_JAVASCRIPT_COMPAT) != 0)
      {
      /* In JavaScript, \x must be followed by two hexadecimal numbers.
      Otherwise it is a lowercase x letter. */
      if (MAX_255(ptr[1]) && (digitab[ptr[1]] & ctype_xdigit) != 0
        && MAX_255(ptr[2]) && (digitab[ptr[2]] & ctype_xdigit) != 0)
        {
        c = 0;
        for (i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
          {
          register pcre_uint32 cc = *(++ptr);
#ifndef EBCDIC  /* ASCII/UTF-8 coding */
          if (cc >= CHAR_a) cc -= 32;               /* Convert to upper case */
          c = (c << 4) + cc - ((cc < CHAR_A)? CHAR_0 : (CHAR_A - 10));
#else           /* EBCDIC coding */
          if (cc >= CHAR_a && cc <= CHAR_z) cc += 64;  /* Convert to upper case */
          c = (c << 4) + cc - ((cc >= CHAR_0)? CHAR_0 : (CHAR_A - 10));
#endif
          }
        }
      break;
      }

    if (ptr[1] == CHAR_LEFT_CURLY_BRACKET)
      {
      const pcre_uchar *pt = ptr + 2;

      c = 0;
      overflow = FALSE;
      while (MAX_255(*pt) && (digitab[*pt] & ctype_xdigit) != 0)
        {
        register pcre_uint32 cc = *pt++;
        if (c == 0 && cc == CHAR_0) continue;     /* Leading zeroes */

#ifdef COMPILE_PCRE32
        if (c >= 0x10000000l) { overflow = TRUE; break; }
#endif

#ifndef EBCDIC  /* ASCII/UTF-8 coding */
        if (cc >= CHAR_a) cc -= 32;               /* Convert to upper case */
        c = (c << 4) + cc - ((cc < CHAR_A)? CHAR_0 : (CHAR_A - 10));
#else           /* EBCDIC coding */
        if (cc >= CHAR_a && cc <= CHAR_z) cc += 64;  /* Convert to upper case */
        c = (c << 4) + cc - ((cc >= CHAR_0)? CHAR_0 : (CHAR_A - 10));
#endif

#if defined COMPILE_PCRE8
        if (c > (utf ? 0x10ffffU : 0xffU)) { overflow = TRUE; break; }
#elif defined COMPILE_PCRE16
        if (c > (utf ? 0x10ffffU : 0xffffU)) { overflow = TRUE; break; }
#elif defined COMPILE_PCRE32
        if (utf && c > 0x10ffffU) { overflow = TRUE; break; }
#endif
        }

      if (overflow)
        {
        while (MAX_255(*pt) && (digitab[*pt] & ctype_xdigit) != 0) pt++;
        *errorcodeptr = ERR34;
        }

      if (*pt == CHAR_RIGHT_CURLY_BRACKET)
        {
        if (utf && c >= 0xd800 && c <= 0xdfff) *errorcodeptr = ERR73;
        ptr = pt;
        break;
        }

      /* If the sequence of hex digits does not end with '}', then we don't
      recognize this construct; fall through to the normal \x handling. */
      }

    /* Read just a single-byte hex-defined char */

    c = 0;
    while (i++ < 2 && MAX_255(ptr[1]) && (digitab[ptr[1]] & ctype_xdigit) != 0)
      {
      pcre_uint32 cc;                          /* Some compilers don't like */
      cc = *(++ptr);                           /* ++ in initializers */
#ifndef EBCDIC  /* ASCII/UTF-8 coding */
      if (cc >= CHAR_a) cc -= 32;              /* Convert to upper case */
      c = c * 16 + cc - ((cc < CHAR_A)? CHAR_0 : (CHAR_A - 10));
#else           /* EBCDIC coding */
      if (cc <= CHAR_z) cc += 64;              /* Convert to upper case */
      c = c * 16 + cc - ((cc >= CHAR_0)? CHAR_0 : (CHAR_A - 10));
#endif
      }
    break;

    /* For \c, a following letter is upper-cased; then the 0x40 bit is flipped.
    An error is given if the byte following \c is not an ASCII character. This
    coding is ASCII-specific, but then the whole concept of \cx is
    ASCII-specific. (However, an EBCDIC equivalent has now been added.) */

    case CHAR_c:
    c = *(++ptr);
    if (c == CHAR_NULL)
      {
      *errorcodeptr = ERR2;
      break;
      }
#ifndef EBCDIC    /* ASCII/UTF-8 coding */
    if (c > 127)  /* Excludes all non-ASCII in either mode */
      {
      *errorcodeptr = ERR68;
      break;
      }
    if (c >= CHAR_a && c <= CHAR_z) c -= 32;
    c ^= 0x40;
#else             /* EBCDIC coding */
    if (c >= CHAR_a && c <= CHAR_z) c += 64;
    c ^= 0xC0;
#endif
    break;

    /* PCRE_EXTRA enables extensions to Perl in the matter of escapes. Any
    other alphanumeric following \ is an error if PCRE_EXTRA was set;
    otherwise, for Perl compatibility, it is a literal. This code looks a bit
    odd, but there used to be some cases other than the default, and there may
    be again in future, so I haven't "optimized" it. */

    default:
    if ((options & PCRE_EXTRA) != 0) switch(c)
      {
      default:
      *errorcodeptr = ERR3;
      break;
      }
    break;
    }
  }

/* Perl supports \N{name} for character names, as well as plain \N for "not
newline". PCRE does not support \N{name}. However, it does support
quantification such as \N{2,3}. */

if (escape == ESC_N && ptr[1] == CHAR_LEFT_CURLY_BRACKET &&
     !is_counted_repeat(ptr+2))
  *errorcodeptr = ERR37;

/* If PCRE_UCP is set, we change the values for \d etc. */

if ((options & PCRE_UCP) != 0 && escape >= ESC_D && escape <= ESC_w)
  escape += (ESC_DU - ESC_D);

/* Set the pointer to the final character before returning. */

*ptrptr = ptr;
*chptr = c;
return escape;
}

#ifdef SUPPORT_UCP
/*************************************************
*               Handle \P and \p                 *
*************************************************/

/* This function is called after \P or \p has been encountered, provided that
PCRE is compiled with support for Unicode properties. On entry, ptrptr is
pointing at the P or p. On exit, it is pointing at the final character of the
escape sequence.

Argument:
  ptrptr         points to the pattern position pointer
  negptr         points to a boolean that is set TRUE for negation else FALSE
  ptypeptr       points to an unsigned int that is set to the type value
  pdataptr       points to an unsigned int that is set to the detailed property value
  errorcodeptr   points to the error code variable

Returns:         TRUE if the type value was found, or FALSE for an invalid type
*/

static BOOL
get_ucp(const pcre_uchar **ptrptr, BOOL *negptr, unsigned int *ptypeptr,
  unsigned int *pdataptr, int *errorcodeptr)
{
pcre_uchar c;
int i, bot, top;
const pcre_uchar *ptr = *ptrptr;
pcre_uchar name[32];

c = *(++ptr);
if (c == CHAR_NULL) goto ERROR_RETURN;

*negptr = FALSE;

/* \P or \p can be followed by a name in {}, optionally preceded by ^ for
negation. */

if (c == CHAR_LEFT_CURLY_BRACKET)
  {
  if (ptr[1] == CHAR_CIRCUMFLEX_ACCENT)
    {
    *negptr = TRUE;
    ptr++;
    }
  for (i = 0; i < (int)(sizeof(name) / sizeof(pcre_uchar)) - 1; i++)
    {
    c = *(++ptr);
    if (c == CHAR_NULL) goto ERROR_RETURN;
    if (c == CHAR_RIGHT_CURLY_BRACKET) break;
    name[i] = c;
    }
  if (c != CHAR_RIGHT_CURLY_BRACKET) goto ERROR_RETURN;
  name[i] = 0;
  }

/* Otherwise there is just one following character */

else
  {
  name[0] = c;
  name[1] = 0;
  }

*ptrptr = ptr;

/* Search for a recognized property name using binary chop */

bot = 0;
top = PRIV(utt_size);

while (bot < top)
  {
  int r;
  i = (bot + top) >> 1;
  r = STRCMP_UC_C8(name, PRIV(utt_names) + PRIV(utt)[i].name_offset);
  if (r == 0)
    {
    *ptypeptr = PRIV(utt)[i].type;
    *pdataptr = PRIV(utt)[i].value;
    return TRUE;
    }
  if (r > 0) bot = i + 1; else top = i;
  }

*errorcodeptr = ERR47;
*ptrptr = ptr;
return FALSE;

ERROR_RETURN:
*errorcodeptr = ERR46;
*ptrptr = ptr;
return FALSE;
}
#endif


/*************************************************
*         Read repeat counts                     *
*************************************************/

/* Read an item of the form {n,m} and return the values. This is called only
after is_counted_repeat() has confirmed that a repeat-count quantifier exists,
so the syntax is guaranteed to be correct, but we need to check the values.

Arguments:
  p              pointer to first char after '{'
  minp           pointer to int for min
  maxp           pointer to int for max
                 returned as -1 if no max
  errorcodeptr   points to error code variable

Returns:         pointer to '}' on success;
                 current ptr on error, with errorcodeptr set non-zero
*/

static const pcre_uchar *
read_repeat_counts(const pcre_uchar *p, int *minp, int *maxp, int *errorcodeptr)
{
int min = 0;
int max = -1;

/* Read the minimum value and do a paranoid check: a negative value indicates
an integer overflow. */

while (IS_DIGIT(*p)) min = min * 10 + (int)(*p++ - CHAR_0);
if (min < 0 || min > 65535)
  {
  *errorcodeptr = ERR5;
  return p;
  }

/* Read the maximum value if there is one, and again do a paranoid on its size.
Also, max must not be less than min. */

if (*p == CHAR_RIGHT_CURLY_BRACKET) max = min; else
  {
  if (*(++p) != CHAR_RIGHT_CURLY_BRACKET)
    {
    max = 0;
    while(IS_DIGIT(*p)) max = max * 10 + (int)(*p++ - CHAR_0);
    if (max < 0 || max > 65535)
      {
      *errorcodeptr = ERR5;
      return p;
      }
    if (max < min)
      {
      *errorcodeptr = ERR4;
      return p;
      }
    }
  }

/* Fill in the required variables, and pass back the pointer to the terminating
'}'. */

*minp = min;
*maxp = max;
return p;
}


/*************************************************
*  Subroutine for finding forward reference      *
*************************************************/

/* This recursive function is called only from find_parens() below. The
top-level call starts at the beginning of the pattern. All other calls must
start at a parenthesis. It scans along a pattern's text looking for capturing
subpatterns, and counting them. If it finds a named pattern that matches the
name it is given, it returns its number. Alternatively, if the name is NULL, it
returns when it reaches a given numbered subpattern. Recursion is used to keep
track of subpatterns that reset the capturing group numbers - the (?| feature.

This function was originally called only from the second pass, in which we know
that if (?< or (?' or (?P< is encountered, the name will be correctly
terminated because that is checked in the first pass. There is now one call to
this function in the first pass, to check for a recursive back reference by
name (so that we can make the whole group atomic). In this case, we need check
only up to the current position in the pattern, and that is still OK because
and previous occurrences will have been checked. To make this work, the test
for "end of pattern" is a check against cd->end_pattern in the main loop,
instead of looking for a binary zero. This means that the special first-pass
call can adjust cd->end_pattern temporarily. (Checks for binary zero while
processing items within the loop are OK, because afterwards the main loop will
terminate.)

Arguments:
  ptrptr       address of the current character pointer (updated)
  cd           compile background data
  name         name to seek, or NULL if seeking a numbered subpattern
  lorn         name length, or subpattern number if name is NULL
  xmode        TRUE if we are in /x mode
  utf          TRUE if we are in UTF-8 / UTF-16 / UTF-32 mode
  count        pointer to the current capturing subpattern number (updated)

Returns:       the number of the named subpattern, or -1 if not found
*/

static int
find_parens_sub(pcre_uchar **ptrptr, compile_data *cd, const pcre_uchar *name, int lorn,
  BOOL xmode, BOOL utf, int *count)
{
pcre_uchar *ptr = *ptrptr;
int start_count = *count;
int hwm_count = start_count;
BOOL dup_parens = FALSE;

/* If the first character is a parenthesis, check on the type of group we are
dealing with. The very first call may not start with a parenthesis. */

if (ptr[0] == CHAR_LEFT_PARENTHESIS)
  {
  /* Handle specials such as (*SKIP) or (*UTF8) etc. */

  if (ptr[1] == CHAR_ASTERISK)
    {
    ptr += 2;
    while (ptr < cd->end_pattern && *ptr != CHAR_RIGHT_PARENTHESIS) ptr++;
    }

  /* Handle a normal, unnamed capturing parenthesis. */

  else if (ptr[1] != CHAR_QUESTION_MARK)
    {
    *count += 1;
    if (name == NULL && *count == lorn) return *count;
    ptr++;
    }

  /* All cases now have (? at the start. Remember when we are in a group
  where the parenthesis numbers are duplicated. */

  else if (ptr[2] == CHAR_VERTICAL_LINE)
    {
    ptr += 3;
    dup_parens = TRUE;
    }

  /* Handle comments; all characters are allowed until a ket is reached. */

  else if (ptr[2] == CHAR_NUMBER_SIGN)
    {
    for (ptr += 3; *ptr != CHAR_NULL; ptr++)
      if (*ptr == CHAR_RIGHT_PARENTHESIS) break;
    goto FAIL_EXIT;
    }

  /* Handle a condition. If it is an assertion, just carry on so that it
  is processed as normal. If not, skip to the closing parenthesis of the
  condition (there can't be any nested parens). */

  else if (ptr[2] == CHAR_LEFT_PARENTHESIS)
    {
    ptr += 2;
    if (ptr[1] != CHAR_QUESTION_MARK)
      {
      while (*ptr != CHAR_NULL && *ptr != CHAR_RIGHT_PARENTHESIS) ptr++;
      if (*ptr != CHAR_NULL) ptr++;
      }
    }

  /* Start with (? but not a condition. */

  else
    {
    ptr += 2;
    if (*ptr == CHAR_P) ptr++;                      /* Allow optional P */

    /* We have to disambiguate (?<! and (?<= from (?<name> for named groups */

    if ((*ptr == CHAR_LESS_THAN_SIGN && ptr[1] != CHAR_EXCLAMATION_MARK &&
        ptr[1] != CHAR_EQUALS_SIGN) || *ptr == CHAR_APOSTROPHE)
      {
      pcre_uchar term;
      const pcre_uchar *thisname;
      *count += 1;
      if (name == NULL && *count == lorn) return *count;
      term = *ptr++;
      if (term == CHAR_LESS_THAN_SIGN) term = CHAR_GREATER_THAN_SIGN;
      thisname = ptr;
      while (*ptr != term) ptr++;
      if (name != NULL && lorn == (int)(ptr - thisname) &&
          STRNCMP_UC_UC(name, thisname, (unsigned int)lorn) == 0)
        return *count;
      term++;
      }
    }
  }

/* Past any initial parenthesis handling, scan for parentheses or vertical
bars. Stop if we get to cd->end_pattern. Note that this is important for the
first-pass call when this value is temporarily adjusted to stop at the current
position. So DO NOT change this to a test for binary zero. */

for (; ptr < cd->end_pattern; ptr++)
  {
  /* Skip over backslashed characters and also entire \Q...\E */

  if (*ptr == CHAR_BACKSLASH)
    {
    if (*(++ptr) == CHAR_NULL) goto FAIL_EXIT;
    if (*ptr == CHAR_Q) for (;;)
      {
      while (*(++ptr) != CHAR_NULL && *ptr != CHAR_BACKSLASH) {};
      if (*ptr == CHAR_NULL) goto FAIL_EXIT;
      if (*(++ptr) == CHAR_E) break;
      }
    continue;
    }

  /* Skip over character classes; this logic must be similar to the way they
  are handled for real. If the first character is '^', skip it. Also, if the
  first few characters (either before or after ^) are \Q\E or \E we skip them
  too. This makes for compatibility with Perl. Note the use of STR macros to
  encode "Q\\E" so that it works in UTF-8 on EBCDIC platforms. */

  if (*ptr == CHAR_LEFT_SQUARE_BRACKET)
    {
    BOOL negate_class = FALSE;
    for (;;)
      {
      if (ptr[1] == CHAR_BACKSLASH)
        {
        if (ptr[2] == CHAR_E)
          ptr+= 2;
        else if (STRNCMP_UC_C8(ptr + 2,
                 STR_Q STR_BACKSLASH STR_E, 3) == 0)
          ptr += 4;
        else
          break;
        }
      else if (!negate_class && ptr[1] == CHAR_CIRCUMFLEX_ACCENT)
        {
        negate_class = TRUE;
        ptr++;
        }
      else break;
      }

    /* If the next character is ']', it is a data character that must be
    skipped, except in JavaScript compatibility mode. */

    if (ptr[1] == CHAR_RIGHT_SQUARE_BRACKET &&
        (cd->external_options & PCRE_JAVASCRIPT_COMPAT) == 0)
      ptr++;

    while (*(++ptr) != CHAR_RIGHT_SQUARE_BRACKET)
      {
      if (*ptr == CHAR_NULL) return -1;
      if (*ptr == CHAR_BACKSLASH)
        {
        if (*(++ptr) == CHAR_NULL) goto FAIL_EXIT;
        if (*ptr == CHAR_Q) for (;;)
          {
          while (*(++ptr) != CHAR_NULL && *ptr != CHAR_BACKSLASH) {};
          if (*ptr == CHAR_NULL) goto FAIL_EXIT;
          if (*(++ptr) == CHAR_E) break;
          }
        continue;
        }
      }
    continue;
    }

  /* Skip comments in /x mode */

  if (xmode && *ptr == CHAR_NUMBER_SIGN)
    {
    ptr++;
    while (*ptr != CHAR_NULL)
      {
      if (IS_NEWLINE(ptr)) { ptr += cd->nllen - 1; break; }
      ptr++;
#ifdef SUPPORT_UTF
      if (utf) FORWARDCHAR(ptr);
#endif
      }
    if (*ptr == CHAR_NULL) goto FAIL_EXIT;
    continue;
    }

  /* Check for the special metacharacters */

  if (*ptr == CHAR_LEFT_PARENTHESIS)
    {
    int rc = find_parens_sub(&ptr, cd, name, lorn, xmode, utf, count);
    if (rc > 0) return rc;
    if (*ptr == CHAR_NULL) goto FAIL_EXIT;
    }

  else if (*ptr == CHAR_RIGHT_PARENTHESIS)
    {
    if (dup_parens && *count < hwm_count) *count = hwm_count;
    goto FAIL_EXIT;
    }

  else if (*ptr == CHAR_VERTICAL_LINE && dup_parens)
    {
    if (*count > hwm_count) hwm_count = *count;
    *count = start_count;
    }
  }

FAIL_EXIT:
*ptrptr = ptr;
return -1;
}


/*************************************************
*       Find forward referenced subpattern       *
*************************************************/

/* This function scans along a pattern's text looking for capturing
subpatterns, and counting them. If it finds a named pattern that matches the
name it is given, it returns its number. Alternatively, if the name is NULL, it
returns when it reaches a given numbered subpattern. This is used for forward
references to subpatterns. We used to be able to start this scan from the
current compiling point, using the current count value from cd->bracount, and
do it all in a single loop, but the addition of the possibility of duplicate
subpattern numbers means that we have to scan from the very start, in order to
take account of such duplicates, and to use a recursive function to keep track
of the different types of group.

Arguments:
  cd           compile background data
  name         name to seek, or NULL if seeking a numbered subpattern
  lorn         name length, or subpattern number if name is NULL
  xmode        TRUE if we are in /x mode
  utf          TRUE if we are in UTF-8 / UTF-16 / UTF-32 mode

Returns:       the number of the found subpattern, or -1 if not found
*/

static int
find_parens(compile_data *cd, const pcre_uchar *name, int lorn, BOOL xmode,
  BOOL utf)
{
pcre_uchar *ptr = (pcre_uchar *)cd->start_pattern;
int count = 0;
int rc;

/* If the pattern does not start with an opening parenthesis, the first call
to find_parens_sub() will scan right to the end (if necessary). However, if it
does start with a parenthesis, find_parens_sub() will return when it hits the
matching closing parens. That is why we have to have a loop. */

for (;;)
  {
  rc = find_parens_sub(&ptr, cd, name, lorn, xmode, utf, &count);
  if (rc > 0 || *ptr++ == CHAR_NULL) break;
  }

return rc;
}


/*************************************************
*      Find first significant op code            *
*************************************************/

/* This is called by several functions that scan a compiled expression looking
for a fixed first character, or an anchoring op code etc. It skips over things
that do not influence this. For some calls, it makes sense to skip negative
forward and all backward assertions, and also the \b assertion; for others it
does not.

Arguments:
  code         pointer to the start of the group
  skipassert   TRUE if certain assertions are to be skipped

Returns:       pointer to the first significant opcode
*/

static const pcre_uchar*
first_significant_code(const pcre_uchar *code, BOOL skipassert)
{
for (;;)
  {
  switch ((int)*code)
    {
    case OP_ASSERT_NOT:
    case OP_ASSERTBACK:
    case OP_ASSERTBACK_NOT:
    if (!skipassert) return code;
    do code += GET(code, 1); while (*code == OP_ALT);
    code += PRIV(OP_lengths)[*code];
    break;

    case OP_WORD_BOUNDARY:
    case OP_NOT_WORD_BOUNDARY:
    if (!skipassert) return code;
    /* Fall through */

    case OP_CALLOUT:
    case OP_CREF:
    case OP_NCREF:
    case OP_RREF:
    case OP_NRREF:
    case OP_DEF:
    code += PRIV(OP_lengths)[*code];
    break;

    default:
    return code;
    }
  }
/* Control never reaches here */
}


/*************************************************
*        Find the fixed length of a branch       *
*************************************************/

/* Scan a branch and compute the fixed length of subject that will match it,
if the length is fixed. This is needed for dealing with backward assertions.
In UTF8 mode, the result is in characters rather than bytes. The branch is
temporarily terminated with OP_END when this function is called.

This function is called when a backward assertion is encountered, so that if it
fails, the error message can point to the correct place in the pattern.
However, we cannot do this when the assertion contains subroutine calls,
because they can be forward references. We solve this by remembering this case
and doing the check at the end; a flag specifies which mode we are running in.

Arguments:
  code     points to the start of the pattern (the bracket)
  utf      TRUE in UTF-8 / UTF-16 / UTF-32 mode
  atend    TRUE if called when the pattern is complete
  cd       the "compile data" structure

Returns:   the fixed length,
             or -1 if there is no fixed length,
             or -2 if \C was encountered (in UTF-8 mode only)
             or -3 if an OP_RECURSE item was encountered and atend is FALSE
             or -4 if an unknown opcode was encountered (internal error)
*/

static int
find_fixedlength(pcre_uchar *code, BOOL utf, BOOL atend, compile_data *cd)
{
int length = -1;

register int branchlength = 0;
register pcre_uchar *cc = code + 1 + LINK_SIZE;

/* Scan along the opcodes for this branch. If we get to the end of the
branch, check the length against that of the other branches. */

for (;;)
  {
  int d;
  pcre_uchar *ce, *cs;
  register pcre_uchar op = *cc;

  switch (op)
    {
    /* We only need to continue for OP_CBRA (normal capturing bracket) and
    OP_BRA (normal non-capturing bracket) because the other variants of these
    opcodes are all concerned with unlimited repeated groups, which of course
    are not of fixed length. */

    case OP_CBRA:
    case OP_BRA:
    case OP_ONCE:
    case OP_ONCE_NC:
    case OP_COND:
    d = find_fixedlength(cc + ((op == OP_CBRA)? IMM2_SIZE : 0), utf, atend, cd);
    if (d < 0) return d;
    branchlength += d;
    do cc += GET(cc, 1); while (*cc == OP_ALT);
    cc += 1 + LINK_SIZE;
    break;

    /* Reached end of a branch; if it's a ket it is the end of a nested call.
    If it's ALT it is an alternation in a nested call. An ACCEPT is effectively
    an ALT. If it is END it's the end of the outer call. All can be handled by
    the same code. Note that we must not include the OP_KETRxxx opcodes here,
    because they all imply an unlimited repeat. */

    case OP_ALT:
    case OP_KET:
    case OP_END:
    case OP_ACCEPT:
    case OP_ASSERT_ACCEPT:
    if (length < 0) length = branchlength;
      else if (length != branchlength) return -1;
    if (*cc != OP_ALT) return length;
    cc += 1 + LINK_SIZE;
    branchlength = 0;
    break;

    /* A true recursion implies not fixed length, but a subroutine call may
    be OK. If the subroutine is a forward reference, we can't deal with
    it until the end of the pattern, so return -3. */

    case OP_RECURSE:
    if (!atend) return -3;
    cs = ce = (pcre_uchar *)cd->start_code + GET(cc, 1);  /* Start subpattern */
    do ce += GET(ce, 1); while (*ce == OP_ALT);           /* End subpattern */
    if (cc > cs && cc < ce) return -1;                    /* Recursion */
    d = find_fixedlength(cs + IMM2_SIZE, utf, atend, cd);
    if (d < 0) return d;
    branchlength += d;
    cc += 1 + LINK_SIZE;
    break;

    /* Skip over assertive subpatterns */

    case OP_ASSERT:
    case OP_ASSERT_NOT:
    case OP_ASSERTBACK:
    case OP_ASSERTBACK_NOT:
    do cc += GET(cc, 1); while (*cc == OP_ALT);
    cc += PRIV(OP_lengths)[*cc];
    break;

    /* Skip over things that don't match chars */

    case OP_MARK:
    case OP_PRUNE_ARG:
    case OP_SKIP_ARG:
    case OP_THEN_ARG:
    cc += cc[1] + PRIV(OP_lengths)[*cc];
    break;

    case OP_CALLOUT:
    case OP_CIRC:
    case OP_CIRCM:
    case OP_CLOSE:
    case OP_COMMIT:
    case OP_CREF:
    case OP_DEF:
    case OP_DOLL:
    case OP_DOLLM:
    case OP_EOD:
    case OP_EODN:
    case OP_FAIL:
    case OP_NCREF:
    case OP_NRREF:
    case OP_NOT_WORD_BOUNDARY:
    case OP_PRUNE:
    case OP_REVERSE:
    case OP_RREF:
    case OP_SET_SOM:
    case OP_SKIP:
    case OP_SOD:
    case OP_SOM:
    case OP_THEN:
    case OP_WORD_BOUNDARY:
    cc += PRIV(OP_lengths)[*cc];
    break;

    /* Handle literal characters */

    case OP_CHAR:
    case OP_CHARI:
    case OP_NOT:
    case OP_NOTI:
    branchlength++;
    cc += 2;
#ifdef SUPPORT_UTF
    if (utf && HAS_EXTRALEN(cc[-1])) cc += GET_EXTRALEN(cc[-1]);
#endif
    break;

    /* Handle exact repetitions. The count is already in characters, but we
    need to skip over a multibyte character in UTF8 mode.  */

    case OP_EXACT:
    case OP_EXACTI:
    case OP_NOTEXACT:
    case OP_NOTEXACTI:
    branchlength += (int)GET2(cc,1);
    cc += 2 + IMM2_SIZE;
#ifdef SUPPORT_UTF
    if (utf && HAS_EXTRALEN(cc[-1])) cc += GET_EXTRALEN(cc[-1]);
#endif
    break;

    case OP_TYPEEXACT:
    branchlength += GET2(cc,1);
    if (cc[1 + IMM2_SIZE] == OP_PROP || cc[1 + IMM2_SIZE] == OP_NOTPROP)
      cc += 2;
    cc += 1 + IMM2_SIZE + 1;
    break;

    /* Handle single-char matchers */

    case OP_PROP:
    case OP_NOTPROP:
    cc += 2;
    /* Fall through */

    case OP_HSPACE:
    case OP_VSPACE:
    case OP_NOT_HSPACE:
    case OP_NOT_VSPACE:
    case OP_NOT_DIGIT:
    case OP_DIGIT:
    case OP_NOT_WHITESPACE:
    case OP_WHITESPACE:
    case OP_NOT_WORDCHAR:
    case OP_WORDCHAR:
    case OP_ANY:
    case OP_ALLANY:
    branchlength++;
    cc++;
    break;

    /* The single-byte matcher isn't allowed. This only happens in UTF-8 mode;
    otherwise \C is coded as OP_ALLANY. */

    case OP_ANYBYTE:
    return -2;

    /* Check a class for variable quantification */

    case OP_CLASS:
    case OP_NCLASS:
#if defined SUPPORT_UTF || defined COMPILE_PCRE16 || defined COMPILE_PCRE32
    case OP_XCLASS:
    /* The original code caused an unsigned overflow in 64 bit systems,
    so now we use a conditional statement. */
    if (op == OP_XCLASS)
      cc += GET(cc, 1);
    else
      cc += PRIV(OP_lengths)[OP_CLASS];
#else
    cc += PRIV(OP_lengths)[OP_CLASS];
#endif

    switch (*cc)
      {
      case OP_CRPLUS:
      case OP_CRMINPLUS:
      case OP_CRSTAR:
      case OP_CRMINSTAR:
      case OP_CRQUERY:
      case OP_CRMINQUERY:
      return -1;

      case OP_CRRANGE:
      case OP_CRMINRANGE:
      if (GET2(cc,1) != GET2(cc,1+IMM2_SIZE)) return -1;
      branchlength += (int)GET2(cc,1);
      cc += 1 + 2 * IMM2_SIZE;
      break;

      default:
      branchlength++;
      }
    break;

    /* Anything else is variable length */

    case OP_ANYNL:
    case OP_BRAMINZERO:
    case OP_BRAPOS:
    case OP_BRAPOSZERO:
    case OP_BRAZERO:
    case OP_CBRAPOS:
    case OP_EXTUNI:
    case OP_KETRMAX:
    case OP_KETRMIN:
    case OP_KETRPOS:
    case OP_MINPLUS:
    case OP_MINPLUSI:
    case OP_MINQUERY:
    case OP_MINQUERYI:
    case OP_MINSTAR:
    case OP_MINSTARI:
    case OP_MINUPTO:
    case OP_MINUPTOI:
    case OP_NOTMINPLUS:
    case OP_NOTMINPLUSI:
    case OP_NOTMINQUERY:
    case OP_NOTMINQUERYI:
    case OP_NOTMINSTAR:
    case OP_NOTMINSTARI:
    case OP_NOTMINUPTO:
    case OP_NOTMINUPTOI:
    case OP_NOTPLUS:
    case OP_NOTPLUSI:
    case OP_NOTPOSPLUS:
    case OP_NOTPOSPLUSI:
    case OP_NOTPOSQUERY:
    case OP_NOTPOSQUERYI:
    case OP_NOTPOSSTAR:
    case OP_NOTPOSSTARI:
    case OP_NOTPOSUPTO:
    case OP_NOTPOSUPTOI:
    case OP_NOTQUERY:
    case OP_NOTQUERYI:
    case OP_NOTSTAR:
    case OP_NOTSTARI:
    case OP_NOTUPTO:
    case OP_NOTUPTOI:
    case OP_PLUS:
    case OP_PLUSI:
    case OP_POSPLUS:
    case OP_POSPLUSI:
    case OP_POSQUERY:
    case OP_POSQUERYI:
    case OP_POSSTAR:
    case OP_POSSTARI:
    case OP_POSUPTO:
    case OP_POSUPTOI:
    case OP_QUERY:
    case OP_QUERYI:
    case OP_REF:
    case OP_REFI:
    case OP_SBRA:
    case OP_SBRAPOS:
    case OP_SCBRA:
    case OP_SCBRAPOS:
    case OP_SCOND:
    case OP_SKIPZERO:
    case OP_STAR:
    case OP_STARI:
    case OP_TYPEMINPLUS:
    case OP_TYPEMINQUERY:
    case OP_TYPEMINSTAR:
    case OP_TYPEMINUPTO:
    case OP_TYPEPLUS:
    case OP_TYPEPOSPLUS:
    case OP_TYPEPOSQUERY:
    case OP_TYPEPOSSTAR:
    case OP_TYPEPOSUPTO:
    case OP_TYPEQUERY:
    case OP_TYPESTAR:
    case OP_TYPEUPTO:
    case OP_UPTO:
    case OP_UPTOI:
    return -1;

    /* Catch unrecognized opcodes so that when new ones are added they
    are not forgotten, as has happened in the past. */

    default:
    return -4;
    }
  }
/* Control never gets here */
}


/*************************************************
*    Scan compiled regex for specific bracket    *
*************************************************/

/* This little function scans through a compiled pattern until it finds a
capturing bracket with the given number, or, if the number is negative, an
instance of OP_REVERSE for a lookbehind. The function is global in the C sense
so that it can be called from pcre_study() when finding the minimum matching
length.

Arguments:
  code        points to start of expression
  utf         TRUE in UTF-8 / UTF-16 / UTF-32 mode
  number      the required bracket number or negative to find a lookbehind

Returns:      pointer to the opcode for the bracket, or NULL if not found
*/

const pcre_uchar *
PRIV(find_bracket)(const pcre_uchar *code, BOOL utf, int number)
{
for (;;)
  {
  register pcre_uchar c = *code;

  if (c == OP_END) return NULL;

  /* XCLASS is used for classes that cannot be represented just by a bit
  map. This includes negated single high-valued characters. The length in
  the table is zero; the actual length is stored in the compiled code. */

  if (c == OP_XCLASS) code += GET(code, 1);

  /* Handle recursion */

  else if (c == OP_REVERSE)
    {
    if (number < 0) return (pcre_uchar *)code;
    code += PRIV(OP_lengths)[c];
    }

  /* Handle capturing bracket */

  else if (c == OP_CBRA || c == OP_SCBRA ||
           c == OP_CBRAPOS || c == OP_SCBRAPOS)
    {
    int n = (int)GET2(code, 1+LINK_SIZE);
    if (n == number) return (pcre_uchar *)code;
    code += PRIV(OP_lengths)[c];
    }

  /* Otherwise, we can get the item's length from the table, except that for
  repeated character types, we have to test for \p and \P, which have an extra
  two bytes of parameters, and for MARK/PRUNE/SKIP/THEN with an argument, we
  must add in its length. */

  else
    {
    switch(c)
      {
      case OP_TYPESTAR:
      case OP_TYPEMINSTAR:
      case OP_TYPEPLUS:
      case OP_TYPEMINPLUS:
      case OP_TYPEQUERY:
      case OP_TYPEMINQUERY:
      case OP_TYPEPOSSTAR:
      case OP_TYPEPOSPLUS:
      case OP_TYPEPOSQUERY:
      if (code[1] == OP_PROP || code[1] == OP_NOTPROP) code += 2;
      break;

      case OP_TYPEUPTO:
      case OP_TYPEMINUPTO:
      case OP_TYPEEXACT:
      case OP_TYPEPOSUPTO:
      if (code[1 + IMM2_SIZE] == OP_PROP || code[1 + IMM2_SIZE] == OP_NOTPROP)
        code += 2;
      break;

      case OP_MARK:
      case OP_PRUNE_ARG:
      case OP_SKIP_ARG:
      case OP_THEN_ARG:
      code += code[1];
      break;
      }

    /* Add in the fixed length from the table */

    code += PRIV(OP_lengths)[c];

  /* In UTF-8 mode, opcodes that are followed by a character may be followed by
  a multi-byte character. The length in the table is a minimum, so we have to
  arrange to skip the extra bytes. */

#if defined SUPPORT_UTF && !defined COMPILE_PCRE32
    if (utf) switch(c)
      {
      case OP_CHAR:
      case OP_CHARI:
      case OP_EXACT:
      case OP_EXACTI:
      case OP_UPTO:
      case OP_UPTOI:
      case OP_MINUPTO:
      case OP_MINUPTOI:
      case OP_POSUPTO:
      case OP_POSUPTOI:
      case OP_STAR:
      case OP_STARI:
      case OP_MINSTAR:
      case OP_MINSTARI:
      case OP_POSSTAR:
      case OP_POSSTARI:
      case OP_PLUS:
      case OP_PLUSI:
      case OP_MINPLUS:
      case OP_MINPLUSI:
      case OP_POSPLUS:
      case OP_POSPLUSI:
      case OP_QUERY:
      case OP_QUERYI:
      case OP_MINQUERY:
      case OP_MINQUERYI:
      case OP_POSQUERY:
      case OP_POSQUERYI:
      if (HAS_EXTRALEN(code[-1])) code += GET_EXTRALEN(code[-1]);
      break;
      }
#else
    (void)(utf);  /* Keep compiler happy by referencing function argument */
#endif
    }
  }
}


/*************************************************
*   Scan compiled regex for recursion reference  *
*************************************************/

/* This little function scans through a compiled pattern until it finds an
instance of OP_RECURSE.

Arguments:
  code        points to start of expression
  utf         TRUE in UTF-8 / UTF-16 / UTF-32 mode

Returns:      pointer to the opcode for OP_RECURSE, or NULL if not found
*/

static const pcre_uchar *
find_recurse(const pcre_uchar *code, BOOL utf)
{
for (;;)
  {
  register pcre_uchar c = *code;
  if (c == OP_END) return NULL;
  if (c == OP_RECURSE) return code;

  /* XCLASS is used for classes that cannot be represented just by a bit
  map. This includes negated single high-valued characters. The length in
  the table is zero; the actual length is stored in the compiled code. */

  if (c == OP_XCLASS) code += GET(code, 1);

  /* Otherwise, we can get the item's length from the table, except that for
  repeated character types, we have to test for \p and \P, which have an extra
  two bytes of parameters, and for MARK/PRUNE/SKIP/THEN with an argument, we
  must add in its length. */

  else
    {
    switch(c)
      {
      case OP_TYPESTAR:
      case OP_TYPEMINSTAR:
      case OP_TYPEPLUS:
      case OP_TYPEMINPLUS:
      case OP_TYPEQUERY:
      case OP_TYPEMINQUERY:
      case OP_TYPEPOSSTAR:
      case OP_TYPEPOSPLUS:
      case OP_TYPEPOSQUERY:
      if (code[1] == OP_PROP || code[1] == OP_NOTPROP) code += 2;
      break;

      case OP_TYPEPOSUPTO:
      case OP_TYPEUPTO:
      case OP_TYPEMINUPTO:
      case OP_TYPEEXACT:
      if (code[1 + IMM2_SIZE] == OP_PROP || code[1 + IMM2_SIZE] == OP_NOTPROP)
        code += 2;
      break;

      case OP_MARK:
      case OP_PRUNE_ARG:
      case OP_SKIP_ARG:
      case OP_THEN_ARG:
      code += code[1];
      break;
      }

    /* Add in the fixed length from the table */

    code += PRIV(OP_lengths)[c];

    /* In UTF-8 mode, opcodes that are followed by a character may be followed
    by a multi-byte character. The length in the table is a minimum, so we have
    to arrange to skip the extra bytes. */

#if defined SUPPORT_UTF && !defined COMPILE_PCRE32
    if (utf) switch(c)
      {
      case OP_CHAR:
      case OP_CHARI:
      case OP_NOT:
      case OP_NOTI:
      case OP_EXACT:
      case OP_EXACTI:
      case OP_NOTEXACT:
      case OP_NOTEXACTI:
      case OP_UPTO:
      case OP_UPTOI:
      case OP_NOTUPTO:
      case OP_NOTUPTOI:
      case OP_MINUPTO:
      case OP_MINUPTOI:
      case OP_NOTMINUPTO:
      case OP_NOTMINUPTOI:
      case OP_POSUPTO:
      case OP_POSUPTOI:
      case OP_NOTPOSUPTO:
      case OP_NOTPOSUPTOI:
      case OP_STAR:
      case OP_STARI:
      case OP_NOTSTAR:
      case OP_NOTSTARI:
      case OP_MINSTAR:
      case OP_MINSTARI:
      case OP_NOTMINSTAR:
      case OP_NOTMINSTARI:
      case OP_POSSTAR:
      case OP_POSSTARI:
      case OP_NOTPOSSTAR:
      case OP_NOTPOSSTARI:
      case OP_PLUS:
      case OP_PLUSI:
      case OP_NOTPLUS:
      case OP_NOTPLUSI:
      case OP_MINPLUS:
      case OP_MINPLUSI:
      case OP_NOTMINPLUS:
      case OP_NOTMINPLUSI:
      case OP_POSPLUS:
      case OP_POSPLUSI:
      case OP_NOTPOSPLUS:
      case OP_NOTPOSPLUSI:
      case OP_QUERY:
      case OP_QUERYI:
      case OP_NOTQUERY:
      case OP_NOTQUERYI:
      case OP_MINQUERY:
      case OP_MINQUERYI:
      case OP_NOTMINQUERY:
      case OP_NOTMINQUERYI:
      case OP_POSQUERY:
      case OP_POSQUERYI:
      case OP_NOTPOSQUERY:
      case OP_NOTPOSQUERYI:
      if (HAS_EXTRALEN(code[-1])) code += GET_EXTRALEN(code[-1]);
      break;
      }
#else
    (void)(utf);  /* Keep compiler happy by referencing function argument */
#endif
    }
  }
}


/*************************************************
*    Scan compiled branch for non-emptiness      *
*************************************************/

/* This function scans through a branch of a compiled pattern to see whether it
can match the empty string or not. It is called from could_be_empty()
below and from compile_branch() when checking for an unlimited repeat of a
group that can match nothing. Note that first_significant_code() skips over
backward and negative forward assertions when its final argument is TRUE. If we
hit an unclosed bracket, we return "empty" - this means we've struck an inner
bracket whose current branch will already have been scanned.

Arguments:
  code        points to start of search
  endcode     points to where to stop
  utf         TRUE if in UTF-8 / UTF-16 / UTF-32 mode
  cd          contains pointers to tables etc.

Returns:      TRUE if what is matched could be empty
*/

static BOOL
could_be_empty_branch(const pcre_uchar *code, const pcre_uchar *endcode,
  BOOL utf, compile_data *cd)
{
register pcre_uchar c;
for (code = first_significant_code(code + PRIV(OP_lengths)[*code], TRUE);
     code < endcode;
     code = first_significant_code(code + PRIV(OP_lengths)[c], TRUE))
  {
  const pcre_uchar *ccode;

  c = *code;

  /* Skip over forward assertions; the other assertions are skipped by
  first_significant_code() with a TRUE final argument. */

  if (c == OP_ASSERT)
    {
    do code += GET(code, 1); while (*code == OP_ALT);
    c = *code;
    continue;
    }

  /* For a recursion/subroutine call, if its end has been reached, which
  implies a backward reference subroutine call, we can scan it. If it's a
  forward reference subroutine call, we can't. To detect forward reference
  we have to scan up the list that is kept in the workspace. This function is
  called only when doing the real compile, not during the pre-compile that
  measures the size of the compiled pattern. */

  if (c == OP_RECURSE)
    {
    const pcre_uchar *scode;
    BOOL empty_branch;

    /* Test for forward reference */

    for (scode = cd->start_workspace; scode < cd->hwm; scode += LINK_SIZE)
      if ((int)GET(scode, 0) == (int)(code + 1 - cd->start_code)) return TRUE;

    /* Not a forward reference, test for completed backward reference */

    empty_branch = FALSE;
    scode = cd->start_code + GET(code, 1);
    if (GET(scode, 1) == 0) return TRUE;    /* Unclosed */

    /* Completed backwards reference */

    do
      {
      if (could_be_empty_branch(scode, endcode, utf, cd))
        {
        empty_branch = TRUE;
        break;
        }
      scode += GET(scode, 1);
      }
    while (*scode == OP_ALT);

    if (!empty_branch) return FALSE;  /* All branches are non-empty */
    continue;
    }

  /* Groups with zero repeats can of course be empty; skip them. */

  if (c == OP_BRAZERO || c == OP_BRAMINZERO || c == OP_SKIPZERO ||
      c == OP_BRAPOSZERO)
    {
    code += PRIV(OP_lengths)[c];
    do code += GET(code, 1); while (*code == OP_ALT);
    c = *code;
    continue;
    }

  /* A nested group that is already marked as "could be empty" can just be
  skipped. */

  if (c == OP_SBRA  || c == OP_SBRAPOS ||
      c == OP_SCBRA || c == OP_SCBRAPOS)
    {
    do code += GET(code, 1); while (*code == OP_ALT);
    c = *code;
    continue;
    }

  /* For other groups, scan the branches. */

  if (c == OP_BRA  || c == OP_BRAPOS ||
      c == OP_CBRA || c == OP_CBRAPOS ||
      c == OP_ONCE || c == OP_ONCE_NC ||
      c == OP_COND)
    {
    BOOL empty_branch;
    if (GET(code, 1) == 0) return TRUE;    /* Hit unclosed bracket */

    /* If a conditional group has only one branch, there is a second, implied,
    empty branch, so just skip over the conditional, because it could be empty.
    Otherwise, scan the individual branches of the group. */

    if (c == OP_COND && code[GET(code, 1)] != OP_ALT)
      code += GET(code, 1);
    else
      {
      empty_branch = FALSE;
      do
        {
        if (!empty_branch && could_be_empty_branch(code, endcode, utf, cd))
          empty_branch = TRUE;
        code += GET(code, 1);
        }
      while (*code == OP_ALT);
      if (!empty_branch) return FALSE;   /* All branches are non-empty */
      }

    c = *code;
    continue;
    }

  /* Handle the other opcodes */

  switch (c)
    {
    /* Check for quantifiers after a class. XCLASS is used for classes that
    cannot be represented just by a bit map. This includes negated single
    high-valued characters. The length in PRIV(OP_lengths)[] is zero; the
    actual length is stored in the compiled code, so we must update "code"
    here. */

#if defined SUPPORT_UTF || !defined COMPILE_PCRE8
    case OP_XCLASS:
    ccode = code += GET(code, 1);
    goto CHECK_CLASS_REPEAT;
#endif

    case OP_CLASS:
    case OP_NCLASS:
    ccode = code + PRIV(OP_lengths)[OP_CLASS];

#if defined SUPPORT_UTF || !defined COMPILE_PCRE8
    CHECK_CLASS_REPEAT:
#endif

    switch (*ccode)
      {
      case OP_CRSTAR:            /* These could be empty; continue */
      case OP_CRMINSTAR:
      case OP_CRQUERY:
      case OP_CRMINQUERY:
      break;

      default:                   /* Non-repeat => class must match */
      case OP_CRPLUS:            /* These repeats aren't empty */
      case OP_CRMINPLUS:
      return FALSE;

      case OP_CRRANGE:
      case OP_CRMINRANGE:
      if (GET2(ccode, 1) > 0) return FALSE;  /* Minimum > 0 */
      break;
      }
    break;

    /* Opcodes that must match a character */

    case OP_PROP:
    case OP_NOTPROP:
    case OP_EXTUNI:
    case OP_NOT_DIGIT:
    case OP_DIGIT:
    case OP_NOT_WHITESPACE:
    case OP_WHITESPACE:
    case OP_NOT_WORDCHAR:
    case OP_WORDCHAR:
    case OP_ANY:
    case OP_ALLANY:
    case OP_ANYBYTE:
    case OP_CHAR:
    case OP_CHARI:
    case OP_NOT:
    case OP_NOTI:
    case OP_PLUS:
    case OP_MINPLUS:
    case OP_POSPLUS:
    case OP_EXACT:
    case OP_NOTPLUS:
    case OP_NOTMINPLUS:
    case OP_NOTPOSPLUS:
    case OP_NOTEXACT:
    case OP_TYPEPLUS:
    case OP_TYPEMINPLUS:
    case OP_TYPEPOSPLUS:
    case OP_TYPEEXACT:
    return FALSE;

    /* These are going to continue, as they may be empty, but we have to
    fudge the length for the \p and \P cases. */

    case OP_TYPESTAR:
    case OP_TYPEMINSTAR:
    case OP_TYPEPOSSTAR:
    case OP_TYPEQUERY:
    case OP_TYPEMINQUERY:
    case OP_TYPEPOSQUERY:
    if (code[1] == OP_PROP || code[1] == OP_NOTPROP) code += 2;
    break;

    /* Same for these */

    case OP_TYPEUPTO:
    case OP_TYPEMINUPTO:
    case OP_TYPEPOSUPTO:
    if (code[1 + IMM2_SIZE] == OP_PROP || code[1 + IMM2_SIZE] == OP_NOTPROP)
      code += 2;
    break;

    /* End of branch */

    case OP_KET:
    case OP_KETRMAX:
    case OP_KETRMIN:
    case OP_KETRPOS:
    case OP_ALT:
    return TRUE;

    /* In UTF-8 mode, STAR, MINSTAR, POSSTAR, QUERY, MINQUERY, POSQUERY, UPTO,
    MINUPTO, and POSUPTO may be followed by a multibyte character */

#if defined SUPPORT_UTF && !defined COMPILE_PCRE32
    case OP_STAR:
    case OP_STARI:
    case OP_MINSTAR:
    case OP_MINSTARI:
    case OP_POSSTAR:
    case OP_POSSTARI:
    case OP_QUERY:
    case OP_QUERYI:
    case OP_MINQUERY:
    case OP_MINQUERYI:
    case OP_POSQUERY:
    case OP_POSQUERYI:
    if (utf && HAS_EXTRALEN(code[1])) code += GET_EXTRALEN(code[1]);
    break;

    case OP_UPTO:
    case OP_UPTOI:
    case OP_MINUPTO:
    case OP_MINUPTOI:
    case OP_POSUPTO:
    case OP_POSUPTOI:
    if (utf && HAS_EXTRALEN(code[1 + IMM2_SIZE])) code += GET_EXTRALEN(code[1 + IMM2_SIZE]);
    break;
#endif

    /* MARK, and PRUNE/SKIP/THEN with an argument must skip over the argument
    string. */

    case OP_MARK:
    case OP_PRUNE_ARG:
    case OP_SKIP_ARG:
    case OP_THEN_ARG:
    code += code[1];
    break;

    /* None of the remaining opcodes are required to match a character. */

    default:
    break;
    }
  }

return TRUE;
}


/*************************************************
*    Scan compiled regex for non-emptiness       *
*************************************************/

/* This function is called to check for left recursive calls. We want to check
the current branch of the current pattern to see if it could match the empty
string. If it could, we must look outwards for branches at other levels,
stopping when we pass beyond the bracket which is the subject of the recursion.
This function is called only during the real compile, not during the
pre-compile.

Arguments:
  code        points to start of the recursion
  endcode     points to where to stop (current RECURSE item)
  bcptr       points to the chain of current (unclosed) branch starts
  utf         TRUE if in UTF-8 / UTF-16 / UTF-32 mode
  cd          pointers to tables etc

Returns:      TRUE if what is matched could be empty
*/

static BOOL
could_be_empty(const pcre_uchar *code, const pcre_uchar *endcode,
  branch_chain *bcptr, BOOL utf, compile_data *cd)
{
while (bcptr != NULL && bcptr->current_branch >= code)
  {
  if (!could_be_empty_branch(bcptr->current_branch, endcode, utf, cd))
    return FALSE;
  bcptr = bcptr->outer;
  }
return TRUE;
}


/*************************************************
*           Check for POSIX class syntax         *
*************************************************/

/* This function is called when the sequence "[:" or "[." or "[=" is
encountered in a character class. It checks whether this is followed by a
sequence of characters terminated by a matching ":]" or ".]" or "=]". If we
reach an unescaped ']' without the special preceding character, return FALSE.

Originally, this function only recognized a sequence of letters between the
terminators, but it seems that Perl recognizes any sequence of characters,
though of course unknown POSIX names are subsequently rejected. Perl gives an
"Unknown POSIX class" error for [:f\oo:] for example, where previously PCRE
didn't consider this to be a POSIX class. Likewise for [:1234:].

The problem in trying to be exactly like Perl is in the handling of escapes. We
have to be sure that [abc[:x\]pqr] is *not* treated as containing a POSIX
class, but [abc[:x\]pqr:]] is (so that an error can be generated). The code
below handles the special case of \], but does not try to do any other escape
processing. This makes it different from Perl for cases such as [:l\ower:]
where Perl recognizes it as the POSIX class "lower" but PCRE does not recognize
"l\ower". This is a lesser evil that not diagnosing bad classes when Perl does,
I think.

A user pointed out that PCRE was rejecting [:a[:digit:]] whereas Perl was not.
It seems that the appearance of a nested POSIX class supersedes an apparent
external class. For example, [:a[:digit:]b:] matches "a", "b", ":", or
a digit.

In Perl, unescaped square brackets may also appear as part of class names. For
example, [:a[:abc]b:] gives unknown POSIX class "[:abc]b:]". However, for
[:a[:abc]b][b:] it gives unknown POSIX class "[:abc]b][b:]", which does not
seem right at all. PCRE does not allow closing square brackets in POSIX class
names.

Arguments:
  ptr      pointer to the initial [
  endptr   where to return the end pointer

Returns:   TRUE or FALSE
*/

static BOOL
check_posix_syntax(const pcre_uchar *ptr, const pcre_uchar **endptr)
{
pcre_uchar terminator;          /* Don't combine these lines; the Solaris cc */
terminator = *(++ptr);   /* compiler warns about "non-constant" initializer. */
for (++ptr; *ptr != CHAR_NULL; ptr++)
  {
  if (*ptr == CHAR_BACKSLASH && ptr[1] == CHAR_RIGHT_SQUARE_BRACKET)
    ptr++;
  else if (*ptr == CHAR_RIGHT_SQUARE_BRACKET) return FALSE;
  else
    {
    if (*ptr == terminator && ptr[1] == CHAR_RIGHT_SQUARE_BRACKET)
      {
      *endptr = ptr;
      return TRUE;
      }
    if (*ptr == CHAR_LEFT_SQUARE_BRACKET &&
         (ptr[1] == CHAR_COLON || ptr[1] == CHAR_DOT ||
          ptr[1] == CHAR_EQUALS_SIGN) &&
        check_posix_syntax(ptr, endptr))
      return FALSE;
    }
  }
return FALSE;
}


/*************************************************
*          Check POSIX class name                *
*************************************************/

/* This function is called to check the name given in a POSIX-style class entry
such as [:alnum:].

Arguments:
  ptr        points to the first letter
  len        the length of the name

Returns:     a value representing the name, or -1 if unknown
*/

static int
check_posix_name(const pcre_uchar *ptr, int len)
{
const char *pn = posix_names;
register int yield = 0;
while (posix_name_lengths[yield] != 0)
  {
  if (len == posix_name_lengths[yield] &&
    STRNCMP_UC_C8(ptr, pn, (unsigned int)len) == 0) return yield;
  pn += posix_name_lengths[yield] + 1;
  yield++;
  }
return -1;
}


/*************************************************
*    Adjust OP_RECURSE items in repeated group   *
*************************************************/

/* OP_RECURSE items contain an offset from the start of the regex to the group
that is referenced. This means that groups can be replicated for fixed
repetition simply by copying (because the recursion is allowed to refer to
earlier groups that are outside the current group). However, when a group is
optional (i.e. the minimum quantifier is zero), OP_BRAZERO or OP_SKIPZERO is
inserted before it, after it has been compiled. This means that any OP_RECURSE
items within it that refer to the group itself or any contained groups have to
have their offsets adjusted. That one of the jobs of this function. Before it
is called, the partially compiled regex must be temporarily terminated with
OP_END.

This function has been extended with the possibility of forward references for
recursions and subroutine calls. It must also check the list of such references
for the group we are dealing with. If it finds that one of the recursions in
the current group is on this list, it adjusts the offset in the list, not the
value in the reference (which is a group number).

Arguments:
  group      points to the start of the group
  adjust     the amount by which the group is to be moved
  utf        TRUE in UTF-8 / UTF-16 / UTF-32 mode
  cd         contains pointers to tables etc.
  save_hwm   the hwm forward reference pointer at the start of the group

Returns:     nothing
*/

static void
adjust_recurse(pcre_uchar *group, int adjust, BOOL utf, compile_data *cd,
  pcre_uchar *save_hwm)
{
pcre_uchar *ptr = group;

while ((ptr = (pcre_uchar *)find_recurse(ptr, utf)) != NULL)
  {
  int offset;
  pcre_uchar *hc;

  /* See if this recursion is on the forward reference list. If so, adjust the
  reference. */

  for (hc = save_hwm; hc < cd->hwm; hc += LINK_SIZE)
    {
    offset = (int)GET(hc, 0);
    if (cd->start_code + offset == ptr + 1)
      {
      PUT(hc, 0, offset + adjust);
      break;
      }
    }

  /* Otherwise, adjust the recursion offset if it's after the start of this
  group. */

  if (hc >= cd->hwm)
    {
    offset = (int)GET(ptr, 1);
    if (cd->start_code + offset >= group) PUT(ptr, 1, offset + adjust);
    }

  ptr += 1 + LINK_SIZE;
  }
}


/*************************************************
*        Insert an automatic callout point       *
*************************************************/

/* This function is called when the PCRE_AUTO_CALLOUT option is set, to insert
callout points before each pattern item.

Arguments:
  code           current code pointer
  ptr            current pattern pointer
  cd             pointers to tables etc

Returns:         new code pointer
*/

static pcre_uchar *
auto_callout(pcre_uchar *code, const pcre_uchar *ptr, compile_data *cd)
{
*code++ = OP_CALLOUT;
*code++ = 255;
PUT(code, 0, (int)(ptr - cd->start_pattern));  /* Pattern offset */
PUT(code, LINK_SIZE, 0);                       /* Default length */
return code + 2 * LINK_SIZE;
}


/*************************************************
*         Complete a callout item                *
*************************************************/

/* A callout item contains the length of the next item in the pattern, which
we can't fill in till after we have reached the relevant point. This is used
for both automatic and manual callouts.

Arguments:
  previous_callout   points to previous callout item
  ptr                current pattern pointer
  cd                 pointers to tables etc

Returns:             nothing
*/

static void
complete_callout(pcre_uchar *previous_callout, const pcre_uchar *ptr, compile_data *cd)
{
int length = (int)(ptr - cd->start_pattern - GET(previous_callout, 2));
PUT(previous_callout, 2 + LINK_SIZE, length);
}


#ifdef SUPPORT_UCP
/*************************************************
*           Get othercase range                  *
*************************************************/

/* This function is passed the start and end of a class range, in UTF-8 mode
with UCP support. It searches up the characters, looking for ranges of
characters in the "other" case. Each call returns the next one, updating the
start address. A character with multiple other cases is returned on its own
with a special return value.

Arguments:
  cptr        points to starting character value; updated
  d           end value
  ocptr       where to put start of othercase range
  odptr       where to put end of othercase range

Yield:        -1 when no more
               0 when a range is returned
              >0 the CASESET offset for char with multiple other cases
                in this case, ocptr contains the original
*/

static int
get_othercase_range(pcre_uint32 *cptr, pcre_uint32 d, pcre_uint32 *ocptr,
  pcre_uint32 *odptr)
{
pcre_uint32 c, othercase, next;
unsigned int co;

/* Find the first character that has an other case. If it has multiple other
cases, return its case offset value. */

for (c = *cptr; c <= d; c++)
  {
  if ((co = UCD_CASESET(c)) != 0)
    {
    *ocptr = c++;   /* Character that has the set */
    *cptr = c;      /* Rest of input range */
    return (int)co;
    }
  if ((othercase = UCD_OTHERCASE(c)) != c) break;
  }

if (c > d) return -1;  /* Reached end of range */

*ocptr = othercase;
next = othercase + 1;

for (++c; c <= d; c++)
  {
  if (UCD_OTHERCASE(c) != next) break;
  next++;
  }

*odptr = next - 1;     /* End of othercase range */
*cptr = c;             /* Rest of input range */
return 0;
}


/*************************************************
*        Check a character and a property        *
*************************************************/

/* This function is called by check_auto_possessive() when a property item
is adjacent to a fixed character.

Arguments:
  c            the character
  ptype        the property type
  pdata        the data for the type
  negated      TRUE if it's a negated property (\P or \p{^)

Returns:       TRUE if auto-possessifying is OK
*/

static BOOL
check_char_prop(pcre_uint32 c, unsigned int ptype, unsigned int pdata, BOOL negated)
{
#ifdef SUPPORT_UCP
const pcre_uint32 *p;
#endif

const ucd_record *prop = GET_UCD(c);

switch(ptype)
  {
  case PT_LAMP:
  return (prop->chartype == ucp_Lu ||
          prop->chartype == ucp_Ll ||
          prop->chartype == ucp_Lt) == negated;

  case PT_GC:
  return (pdata == PRIV(ucp_gentype)[prop->chartype]) == negated;

  case PT_PC:
  return (pdata == prop->chartype) == negated;

  case PT_SC:
  return (pdata == prop->script) == negated;

  /* These are specials */

  case PT_ALNUM:
  return (PRIV(ucp_gentype)[prop->chartype] == ucp_L ||
          PRIV(ucp_gentype)[prop->chartype] == ucp_N) == negated;

  case PT_SPACE:    /* Perl space */
  return (PRIV(ucp_gentype)[prop->chartype] == ucp_Z ||
          c == CHAR_HT || c == CHAR_NL || c == CHAR_FF || c == CHAR_CR)
          == negated;

  case PT_PXSPACE:  /* POSIX space */
  return (PRIV(ucp_gentype)[prop->chartype] == ucp_Z ||
          c == CHAR_HT || c == CHAR_NL || c == CHAR_VT ||
          c == CHAR_FF || c == CHAR_CR)
          == negated;

  case PT_WORD:
  return (PRIV(ucp_gentype)[prop->chartype] == ucp_L ||
          PRIV(ucp_gentype)[prop->chartype] == ucp_N ||
          c == CHAR_UNDERSCORE) == negated;

#ifdef SUPPORT_UCP
  case PT_CLIST:
  p = PRIV(ucd_caseless_sets) + prop->caseset;
  for (;;)
    {
    if (c < *p) return !negated;
    if (c == *p++) return negated;
    }
  break;  /* Control never reaches here */
#endif
  }

return FALSE;
}
#endif  /* SUPPORT_UCP */


/*************************************************
*     Check if auto-possessifying is possible    *
*************************************************/

/* This function is called for unlimited repeats of certain items, to see
whether the next thing could possibly match the repeated item. If not, it makes
sense to automatically possessify the repeated item.

Arguments:
  previous      pointer to the repeated opcode
  utf           TRUE in UTF-8 / UTF-16 / UTF-32 mode
  ptr           next character in pattern
  options       options bits
  cd            contains pointers to tables etc.

Returns:        TRUE if possessifying is wanted
*/

static BOOL
check_auto_possessive(const pcre_uchar *previous, BOOL utf,
  const pcre_uchar *ptr, int options, compile_data *cd)
{
pcre_uint32 c = NOTACHAR;
pcre_uint32 next;
int escape;
pcre_uchar op_code = *previous++;

/* Skip whitespace and comments in extended mode */

if ((options & PCRE_EXTENDED) != 0)
  {
  for (;;)
    {
    while (MAX_255(*ptr) && (cd->ctypes[*ptr] & ctype_space) != 0) ptr++;
    if (*ptr == CHAR_NUMBER_SIGN)
      {
      ptr++;
      while (*ptr != CHAR_NULL)
        {
        if (IS_NEWLINE(ptr)) { ptr += cd->nllen; break; }
        ptr++;
#ifdef SUPPORT_UTF
        if (utf) FORWARDCHAR(ptr);
#endif
        }
      }
    else break;
    }
  }

/* If the next item is one that we can handle, get its value. A non-negative
value is a character, a negative value is an escape value. */

if (*ptr == CHAR_BACKSLASH)
  {
  int temperrorcode = 0;
  escape = check_escape(&ptr, &next, &temperrorcode, cd->bracount, options,
    FALSE);
  if (temperrorcode != 0) return FALSE;
  ptr++;    /* Point after the escape sequence */
  }
else if (!MAX_255(*ptr) || (cd->ctypes[*ptr] & ctype_meta) == 0)
  {
  escape = 0;
#ifdef SUPPORT_UTF
  if (utf) { GETCHARINC(next, ptr); } else
#endif
  next = *ptr++;
  }
else return FALSE;

/* Skip whitespace and comments in extended mode */

if ((options & PCRE_EXTENDED) != 0)
  {
  for (;;)
    {
    while (MAX_255(*ptr) && (cd->ctypes[*ptr] & ctype_space) != 0) ptr++;
    if (*ptr == CHAR_NUMBER_SIGN)
      {
      ptr++;
      while (*ptr != CHAR_NULL)
        {
        if (IS_NEWLINE(ptr)) { ptr += cd->nllen; break; }
        ptr++;
#ifdef SUPPORT_UTF
        if (utf) FORWARDCHAR(ptr);
#endif
        }
      }
    else break;
    }
  }

/* If the next thing is itself optional, we have to give up. */

if (*ptr == CHAR_ASTERISK || *ptr == CHAR_QUESTION_MARK ||
  STRNCMP_UC_C8(ptr, STR_LEFT_CURLY_BRACKET STR_0 STR_COMMA, 3) == 0)
    return FALSE;

/* If the previous item is a character, get its value. */

if (op_code == OP_CHAR || op_code == OP_CHARI ||
    op_code == OP_NOT || op_code == OP_NOTI)
  {
#ifdef SUPPORT_UTF
  GETCHARTEST(c, previous);
#else
  c = *previous;
#endif
  }

/* Now compare the next item with the previous opcode. First, handle cases when
the next item is a character. */

if (escape == 0)
  {
  /* For a caseless UTF match, the next character may have more than one other
  case, which maps to the special PT_CLIST property. Check this first. */

#ifdef SUPPORT_UCP
  if (utf && c != NOTACHAR && (options & PCRE_CASELESS) != 0)
    {
    unsigned int ocs = UCD_CASESET(next);
    if (ocs > 0) return check_char_prop(c, PT_CLIST, ocs, op_code >= OP_NOT);
    }
#endif

  switch(op_code)
    {
    case OP_CHAR:
    return c != next;

    /* For CHARI (caseless character) we must check the other case. If we have
    Unicode property support, we can use it to test the other case of
    high-valued characters. We know that next can have only one other case,
    because multi-other-case characters are dealt with above. */

    case OP_CHARI:
    if (c == next) return FALSE;
#ifdef SUPPORT_UTF
    if (utf)
      {
      pcre_uint32 othercase;
      if (next < 128) othercase = cd->fcc[next]; else
#ifdef SUPPORT_UCP
      othercase = UCD_OTHERCASE(next);
#else
      othercase = NOTACHAR;
#endif
      return c != othercase;
      }
    else
#endif  /* SUPPORT_UTF */
    return (c != TABLE_GET(next, cd->fcc, next));  /* Not UTF */

    case OP_NOT:
    return c == next;

    case OP_NOTI:
    if (c == next) return TRUE;
#ifdef SUPPORT_UTF
    if (utf)
      {
      pcre_uint32 othercase;
      if (next < 128) othercase = cd->fcc[next]; else
#ifdef SUPPORT_UCP
      othercase = UCD_OTHERCASE(next);
#else
      othercase = NOTACHAR;
#endif
      return c == othercase;
      }
    else
#endif  /* SUPPORT_UTF */
    return (c == TABLE_GET(next, cd->fcc, next));  /* Not UTF */

    /* Note that OP_DIGIT etc. are generated only when PCRE_UCP is *not* set.
    When it is set, \d etc. are converted into OP_(NOT_)PROP codes. */

    case OP_DIGIT:
    return next > 255 || (cd->ctypes[next] & ctype_digit) == 0;

    case OP_NOT_DIGIT:
    return next <= 255 && (cd->ctypes[next] & ctype_digit) != 0;

    case OP_WHITESPACE:
    return next > 255 || (cd->ctypes[next] & ctype_space) == 0;

    case OP_NOT_WHITESPACE:
    return next <= 255 && (cd->ctypes[next] & ctype_space) != 0;

    case OP_WORDCHAR:
    return next > 255 || (cd->ctypes[next] & ctype_word) == 0;

    case OP_NOT_WORDCHAR:
    return next <= 255 && (cd->ctypes[next] & ctype_word) != 0;

    case OP_HSPACE:
    case OP_NOT_HSPACE:
    switch(next)
      {
      HSPACE_CASES:
      return op_code == OP_NOT_HSPACE;

      default:
      return op_code != OP_NOT_HSPACE;
      }

    case OP_ANYNL:
    case OP_VSPACE:
    case OP_NOT_VSPACE:
    switch(next)
      {
      VSPACE_CASES:
      return op_code == OP_NOT_VSPACE;

      default:
      return op_code != OP_NOT_VSPACE;
      }

#ifdef SUPPORT_UCP
    case OP_PROP:
    return check_char_prop(next, previous[0], previous[1], FALSE);

    case OP_NOTPROP:
    return check_char_prop(next, previous[0], previous[1], TRUE);
#endif

    default:
    return FALSE;
    }
  }

/* Handle the case when the next item is \d, \s, etc. Note that when PCRE_UCP
is set, \d turns into ESC_du rather than ESC_d, etc., so ESC_d etc. are
generated only when PCRE_UCP is *not* set, that is, when only ASCII
characteristics are recognized. Similarly, the opcodes OP_DIGIT etc. are
replaced by OP_PROP codes when PCRE_UCP is set. */

switch(op_code)
  {
  case OP_CHAR:
  case OP_CHARI:
  switch(escape)
    {
    case ESC_d:
    return c > 255 || (cd->ctypes[c] & ctype_digit) == 0;

    case ESC_D:
    return c <= 255 && (cd->ctypes[c] & ctype_digit) != 0;

    case ESC_s:
    return c > 255 || (cd->ctypes[c] & ctype_space) == 0;

    case ESC_S:
    return c <= 255 && (cd->ctypes[c] & ctype_space) != 0;

    case ESC_w:
    return c > 255 || (cd->ctypes[c] & ctype_word) == 0;

    case ESC_W:
    return c <= 255 && (cd->ctypes[c] & ctype_word) != 0;

    case ESC_h:
    case ESC_H:
    switch(c)
      {
      HSPACE_CASES:
      return escape != ESC_h;

      default:
      return escape == ESC_h;
      }

    case ESC_v:
    case ESC_V:
    switch(c)
      {
      VSPACE_CASES:
      return escape != ESC_v;

      default:
      return escape == ESC_v;
      }

    /* When PCRE_UCP is set, these values get generated for \d etc. Find
    their substitutions and process them. The result will always be either
    ESC_p or ESC_P. Then fall through to process those values. */

#ifdef SUPPORT_UCP
    case ESC_du:
    case ESC_DU:
    case ESC_wu:
    case ESC_WU:
    case ESC_su:
    case ESC_SU:
      {
      int temperrorcode = 0;
      ptr = substitutes[escape - ESC_DU];
      escape = check_escape(&ptr, &next, &temperrorcode, 0, options, FALSE);
      if (temperrorcode != 0) return FALSE;
      ptr++;    /* For compatibility */
      }
    /* Fall through */

    case ESC_p:
    case ESC_P:
      {
      unsigned int ptype = 0, pdata = 0;
      int errorcodeptr;
      BOOL negated;

      ptr--;      /* Make ptr point at the p or P */
      if (!get_ucp(&ptr, &negated, &ptype, &pdata, &errorcodeptr))
        return FALSE;
      ptr++;      /* Point past the final curly ket */

      /* If the property item is optional, we have to give up. (When generated
      from \d etc by PCRE_UCP, this test will have been applied much earlier,
      to the original \d etc. At this point, ptr will point to a zero byte. */

      if (*ptr == CHAR_ASTERISK || *ptr == CHAR_QUESTION_MARK ||
        STRNCMP_UC_C8(ptr, STR_LEFT_CURLY_BRACKET STR_0 STR_COMMA, 3) == 0)
          return FALSE;

      /* Do the property check. */

      return check_char_prop(c, ptype, pdata, (escape == ESC_P) != negated);
      }
#endif

    default:
    return FALSE;
    }

  /* In principle, support for Unicode properties should be integrated here as
  well. It means re-organizing the above code so as to get hold of the property
  values before switching on the op-code. However, I wonder how many patterns
  combine ASCII \d etc with Unicode properties? (Note that if PCRE_UCP is set,
  these op-codes are never generated.) */

  case OP_DIGIT:
  return escape == ESC_D || escape == ESC_s || escape == ESC_W ||
         escape == ESC_h || escape == ESC_v || escape == ESC_R;

  case OP_NOT_DIGIT:
  return escape == ESC_d;

  case OP_WHITESPACE:
  return escape == ESC_S || escape == ESC_d || escape == ESC_w;

  case OP_NOT_WHITESPACE:
  return escape == ESC_s || escape == ESC_h || escape == ESC_v || escape == ESC_R;

  case OP_HSPACE:
  return escape == ESC_S || escape == ESC_H || escape == ESC_d ||
         escape == ESC_w || escape == ESC_v || escape == ESC_R;

  case OP_NOT_HSPACE:
  return escape == ESC_h;

  /* Can't have \S in here because VT matches \S (Perl anomaly) */
  case OP_ANYNL:
  case OP_VSPACE:
  return escape == ESC_V || escape == ESC_d || escape == ESC_w;

  case OP_NOT_VSPACE:
  return escape == ESC_v || escape == ESC_R;

  case OP_WORDCHAR:
  return escape == ESC_W || escape == ESC_s || escape == ESC_h ||
         escape == ESC_v || escape == ESC_R;

  case OP_NOT_WORDCHAR:
  return escape == ESC_w || escape == ESC_d;

  default:
  return FALSE;
  }

/* Control does not reach here */
}


/*************************************************
*        Add a character or range to a class     *
*************************************************/

/* This function packages up the logic of adding a character or range of
characters to a class. The character values in the arguments will be within the
valid values for the current mode (8-bit, 16-bit, UTF, etc). This function is
mutually recursive with the function immediately below.

Arguments:
  classbits     the bit map for characters < 256
  uchardptr     points to the pointer for extra data
  options       the options word
  cd            contains pointers to tables etc.
  start         start of range character
  end           end of range character

Returns:        the number of < 256 characters added
                the pointer to extra data is updated
*/

static int
add_to_class(pcre_uint8 *classbits, pcre_uchar **uchardptr, int options,
  compile_data *cd, pcre_uint32 start, pcre_uint32 end)
{
pcre_uint32 c;
int n8 = 0;

/* If caseless matching is required, scan the range and process alternate
cases. In Unicode, there are 8-bit characters that have alternate cases that
are greater than 255 and vice-versa. Sometimes we can just extend the original
range. */

if ((options & PCRE_CASELESS) != 0)
  {
#ifdef SUPPORT_UCP
  if ((options & PCRE_UTF8) != 0)
    {
    int rc;
    pcre_uint32 oc, od;

    options &= ~PCRE_CASELESS;   /* Remove for recursive calls */
    c = start;

    while ((rc = get_othercase_range(&c, end, &oc, &od)) >= 0)
      {
      /* Handle a single character that has more than one other case. */

      if (rc > 0) n8 += add_list_to_class(classbits, uchardptr, options, cd,
        PRIV(ucd_caseless_sets) + rc, oc);

      /* Do nothing if the other case range is within the original range. */

      else if (oc >= start && od <= end) continue;

      /* Extend the original range if there is overlap, noting that if oc < c, we
      can't have od > end because a subrange is always shorter than the basic
      range. Otherwise, use a recursive call to add the additional range. */

      else if (oc < start && od >= start - 1) start = oc; /* Extend downwards */
      else if (od > end && oc <= end + 1) end = od;       /* Extend upwards */
      else n8 += add_to_class(classbits, uchardptr, options, cd, oc, od);
      }
    }
  else
#endif  /* SUPPORT_UCP */

  /* Not UTF-mode, or no UCP */

  for (c = start; c <= end && c < 256; c++)
    {
    SETBIT(classbits, cd->fcc[c]);
    n8++;
    }
  }

/* Now handle the original range. Adjust the final value according to the bit
length - this means that the same lists of (e.g.) horizontal spaces can be used
in all cases. */

#if defined COMPILE_PCRE8
#ifdef SUPPORT_UTF
  if ((options & PCRE_UTF8) == 0)
#endif
  if (end > 0xff) end = 0xff;

#elif defined COMPILE_PCRE16
#ifdef SUPPORT_UTF
  if ((options & PCRE_UTF16) == 0)
#endif
  if (end > 0xffff) end = 0xffff;

#endif /* COMPILE_PCRE[8|16] */

/* If all characters are less than 256, use the bit map. Otherwise use extra
data. */

if (end < 0x100)
  {
  for (c = start; c <= end; c++)
    {
    n8++;
    SETBIT(classbits, c);
    }
  }

else
  {
  pcre_uchar *uchardata = *uchardptr;

#ifdef SUPPORT_UTF
  if ((options & PCRE_UTF8) != 0)  /* All UTFs use the same flag bit */
    {
    if (start < end)
      {
      *uchardata++ = XCL_RANGE;
      uchardata += PRIV(ord2utf)(start, uchardata);
      uchardata += PRIV(ord2utf)(end, uchardata);
      }
    else if (start == end)
      {
      *uchardata++ = XCL_SINGLE;
      uchardata += PRIV(ord2utf)(start, uchardata);
      }
    }
  else
#endif  /* SUPPORT_UTF */

  /* Without UTF support, character values are constrained by the bit length,
  and can only be > 256 for 16-bit and 32-bit libraries. */

#ifdef COMPILE_PCRE8
    {}
#else
  if (start < end)
    {
    *uchardata++ = XCL_RANGE;
    *uchardata++ = start;
    *uchardata++ = end;
    }
  else if (start == end)
    {
    *uchardata++ = XCL_SINGLE;
    *uchardata++ = start;
    }
#endif

  *uchardptr = uchardata;   /* Updata extra data pointer */
  }

return n8;    /* Number of 8-bit characters */
}


/*************************************************
*        Add a list of characters to a class     *
*************************************************/

/* This function is used for adding a list of case-equivalent characters to a
class, and also for adding a list of horizontal or vertical whitespace. If the
list is in order (which it should be), ranges of characters are detected and
handled appropriately. This function is mutually recursive with the function
above.

Arguments:
  classbits     the bit map for characters < 256
  uchardptr     points to the pointer for extra data
  options       the options word
  cd            contains pointers to tables etc.
  p             points to row of 32-bit values, terminated by NOTACHAR
  except        character to omit; this is used when adding lists of
                  case-equivalent characters to avoid including the one we
                  already know about

Returns:        the number of < 256 characters added
                the pointer to extra data is updated
*/

static int
add_list_to_class(pcre_uint8 *classbits, pcre_uchar **uchardptr, int options,
  compile_data *cd, const pcre_uint32 *p, unsigned int except)
{
int n8 = 0;
while (p[0] < NOTACHAR)
  {
  int n = 0;
  if (p[0] != except)
    {
    while(p[n+1] == p[0] + n + 1) n++;
    n8 += add_to_class(classbits, uchardptr, options, cd, p[0], p[n]);
    }
  p += n + 1;
  }
return n8;
}


/*************************************************
*    Add characters not in a list to a class     *
*************************************************/

/* This function is used for adding the complement of a list of horizontal or
vertical whitespace to a class. The list must be in order.

Arguments:
  classbits     the bit map for characters < 256
  uchardptr     points to the pointer for extra data
  options       the options word
  cd            contains pointers to tables etc.
  p             points to row of 32-bit values, terminated by NOTACHAR

Returns:        the number of < 256 characters added
                the pointer to extra data is updated
*/

static int
add_not_list_to_class(pcre_uint8 *classbits, pcre_uchar **uchardptr,
  int options, compile_data *cd, const pcre_uint32 *p)
{
BOOL utf = (options & PCRE_UTF8) != 0;
int n8 = 0;
if (p[0] > 0)
  n8 += add_to_class(classbits, uchardptr, options, cd, 0, p[0] - 1);
while (p[0] < NOTACHAR)
  {
  while (p[1] == p[0] + 1) p++;
  n8 += add_to_class(classbits, uchardptr, options, cd, p[0] + 1,
    (p[1] == NOTACHAR) ? (utf ? 0x10ffffu : 0xffffffffu) : p[1] - 1);
  p++;
  }
return n8;
}


/*************************************************
*           Compile one branch                   *
*************************************************/

/* Scan the pattern, compiling it into the a vector. If the options are
changed during the branch, the pointer is used to change the external options
bits. This function is used during the pre-compile phase when we are trying
to find out the amount of memory needed, as well as during the real compile
phase. The value of lengthptr distinguishes the two phases.

Arguments:
  optionsptr     pointer to the option bits
  codeptr        points to the pointer to the current code point
  ptrptr         points to the current pattern pointer
  errorcodeptr   points to error code variable
  firstcharptr    place to put the first required character
  firstcharflagsptr place to put the first character flags, or a negative number
  reqcharptr     place to put the last required character
  reqcharflagsptr place to put the last required character flags, or a negative number
  bcptr          points to current branch chain
  cond_depth     conditional nesting depth
  cd             contains pointers to tables etc.
  lengthptr      NULL during the real compile phase
                 points to length accumulator during pre-compile phase

Returns:         TRUE on success
                 FALSE, with *errorcodeptr set non-zero on error
*/

static BOOL
compile_branch(int *optionsptr, pcre_uchar **codeptr,
  const pcre_uchar **ptrptr, int *errorcodeptr,
  pcre_uint32 *firstcharptr, pcre_int32 *firstcharflagsptr,
  pcre_uint32 *reqcharptr, pcre_int32 *reqcharflagsptr,
  branch_chain *bcptr, int cond_depth,
  compile_data *cd, int *lengthptr)
{
int repeat_type, op_type;
int repeat_min = 0, repeat_max = 0;      /* To please picky compilers */
int bravalue = 0;
int greedy_default, greedy_non_default;
pcre_uint32 firstchar, reqchar;
pcre_int32 firstcharflags, reqcharflags;
pcre_uint32 zeroreqchar, zerofirstchar;
pcre_int32 zeroreqcharflags, zerofirstcharflags;
pcre_int32 req_caseopt, reqvary, tempreqvary;
int options = *optionsptr;               /* May change dynamically */
int after_manual_callout = 0;
int length_prevgroup = 0;
register pcre_uint32 c;
int escape;
register pcre_uchar *code = *codeptr;
pcre_uchar *last_code = code;
pcre_uchar *orig_code = code;
pcre_uchar *tempcode;
BOOL inescq = FALSE;
BOOL groupsetfirstchar = FALSE;
const pcre_uchar *ptr = *ptrptr;
const pcre_uchar *tempptr;
const pcre_uchar *nestptr = NULL;
pcre_uchar *previous = NULL;
pcre_uchar *previous_callout = NULL;
pcre_uchar *save_hwm = NULL;
pcre_uint8 classbits[32];

/* We can fish out the UTF-8 setting once and for all into a BOOL, but we
must not do this for other options (e.g. PCRE_EXTENDED) because they may change
dynamically as we process the pattern. */

#ifdef SUPPORT_UTF
/* PCRE_UTF[16|32] have the same value as PCRE_UTF8. */
BOOL utf = (options & PCRE_UTF8) != 0;
#ifndef COMPILE_PCRE32
pcre_uchar utf_chars[6];
#endif
#else
BOOL utf = FALSE;
#endif

/* Helper variables for OP_XCLASS opcode (for characters > 255). We define
class_uchardata always so that it can be passed to add_to_class() always,
though it will not be used in non-UTF 8-bit cases. This avoids having to supply
alternative calls for the different cases. */

pcre_uchar *class_uchardata;
#if defined SUPPORT_UTF || !defined COMPILE_PCRE8
BOOL xclass;
pcre_uchar *class_uchardata_base;
#endif

#ifdef PCRE_DEBUG
if (lengthptr != NULL) DPRINTF((">> start branch\n"));
#endif

/* Set up the default and non-default settings for greediness */

greedy_default = ((options & PCRE_UNGREEDY) != 0);
greedy_non_default = greedy_default ^ 1;

/* Initialize no first byte, no required byte. REQ_UNSET means "no char
matching encountered yet". It gets changed to REQ_NONE if we hit something that
matches a non-fixed char first char; reqchar just remains unset if we never
find one.

When we hit a repeat whose minimum is zero, we may have to adjust these values
to take the zero repeat into account. This is implemented by setting them to
zerofirstbyte and zeroreqchar when such a repeat is encountered. The individual
item types that can be repeated set these backoff variables appropriately. */

firstchar = reqchar = zerofirstchar = zeroreqchar = 0;
firstcharflags = reqcharflags = zerofirstcharflags = zeroreqcharflags = REQ_UNSET;

/* The variable req_caseopt contains either the REQ_CASELESS value
or zero, according to the current setting of the caseless flag. The
REQ_CASELESS leaves the lower 28 bit empty. It is added into the
firstchar or reqchar variables to record the case status of the
value. This is used only for ASCII characters. */

req_caseopt = ((options & PCRE_CASELESS) != 0)? REQ_CASELESS:0;

/* Switch on next character until the end of the branch */

for (;; ptr++)
  {
  BOOL negate_class;
  BOOL should_flip_negation;
  BOOL possessive_quantifier;
  BOOL is_quantifier;
  BOOL is_recurse;
  BOOL reset_bracount;
  int class_has_8bitchar;
  int class_one_char;
  int newoptions;
  int recno;
  int refsign;
  int skipbytes;
  pcre_uint32 subreqchar, subfirstchar;
  pcre_int32 subreqcharflags, subfirstcharflags;
  int terminator;
  unsigned int mclength;
  unsigned int tempbracount;
  pcre_uint32 ec;
  pcre_uchar mcbuffer[8];

  /* Get next character in the pattern */

  c = *ptr;

  /* If we are at the end of a nested substitution, revert to the outer level
  string. Nesting only happens one level deep. */

  if (c == CHAR_NULL && nestptr != NULL)
    {
    ptr = nestptr;
    nestptr = NULL;
    c = *ptr;
    }

  /* If we are in the pre-compile phase, accumulate the length used for the
  previous cycle of this loop. */

  if (lengthptr != NULL)
    {
#ifdef PCRE_DEBUG
    if (code > cd->hwm) cd->hwm = code;                 /* High water info */
#endif
    if (code > cd->start_workspace + cd->workspace_size -
        WORK_SIZE_SAFETY_MARGIN)                       /* Check for overrun */
      {
      *errorcodeptr = ERR52;
      goto FAILED;
      }

    /* There is at least one situation where code goes backwards: this is the
    case of a zero quantifier after a class (e.g. [ab]{0}). At compile time,
    the class is simply eliminated. However, it is created first, so we have to
    allow memory for it. Therefore, don't ever reduce the length at this point.
    */

    if (code < last_code) code = last_code;

    /* Paranoid check for integer overflow */

    if (OFLOW_MAX - *lengthptr < code - last_code)
      {
      *errorcodeptr = ERR20;
      goto FAILED;
      }

    *lengthptr += (int)(code - last_code);
    DPRINTF(("length=%d added %d c=%c (0x%x)\n", *lengthptr,
      (int)(code - last_code), c, c));

    /* If "previous" is set and it is not at the start of the work space, move
    it back to there, in order to avoid filling up the work space. Otherwise,
    if "previous" is NULL, reset the current code pointer to the start. */

    if (previous != NULL)
      {
      if (previous > orig_code)
        {
        memmove(orig_code, previous, IN_UCHARS(code - previous));
        code -= previous - orig_code;
        previous = orig_code;
        }
      }
    else code = orig_code;

    /* Remember where this code item starts so we can pick up the length
    next time round. */

    last_code = code;
    }

  /* In the real compile phase, just check the workspace used by the forward
  reference list. */

  else if (cd->hwm > cd->start_workspace + cd->workspace_size -
           WORK_SIZE_SAFETY_MARGIN)
    {
    *errorcodeptr = ERR52;
    goto FAILED;
    }

  /* If in \Q...\E, check for the end; if not, we have a literal */

  if (inescq && c != CHAR_NULL)
    {
    if (c == CHAR_BACKSLASH && ptr[1] == CHAR_E)
      {
      inescq = FALSE;
      ptr++;
      continue;
      }
    else
      {
      if (previous_callout != NULL)
        {
        if (lengthptr == NULL)  /* Don't attempt in pre-compile phase */
          complete_callout(previous_callout, ptr, cd);
        previous_callout = NULL;
        }
      if ((options & PCRE_AUTO_CALLOUT) != 0)
        {
        previous_callout = code;
        code = auto_callout(code, ptr, cd);
        }
      goto NORMAL_CHAR;
      }
    }

  /* Fill in length of a previous callout, except when the next thing is
  a quantifier. */

  is_quantifier =
    c == CHAR_ASTERISK || c == CHAR_PLUS || c == CHAR_QUESTION_MARK ||
    (c == CHAR_LEFT_CURLY_BRACKET && is_counted_repeat(ptr+1));

  if (!is_quantifier && previous_callout != NULL &&
       after_manual_callout-- <= 0)
    {
    if (lengthptr == NULL)      /* Don't attempt in pre-compile phase */
      complete_callout(previous_callout, ptr, cd);
    previous_callout = NULL;
    }

  /* In extended mode, skip white space and comments. */

  if ((options & PCRE_EXTENDED) != 0)
    {
    if (MAX_255(*ptr) && (cd->ctypes[c] & ctype_space) != 0) continue;
    if (c == CHAR_NUMBER_SIGN)
      {
      ptr++;
      while (*ptr != CHAR_NULL)
        {
        if (IS_NEWLINE(ptr)) { ptr += cd->nllen - 1; break; }
        ptr++;
#ifdef SUPPORT_UTF
        if (utf) FORWARDCHAR(ptr);
#endif
        }
      if (*ptr != CHAR_NULL) continue;

      /* Else fall through to handle end of string */
      c = 0;
      }
    }

  /* No auto callout for quantifiers. */

  if ((options & PCRE_AUTO_CALLOUT) != 0 && !is_quantifier)
    {
    previous_callout = code;
    code = auto_callout(code, ptr, cd);
    }

  switch(c)
    {
    /* ===================================================================*/
    case 0:                        /* The branch terminates at string end */
    case CHAR_VERTICAL_LINE:       /* or | or ) */
    case CHAR_RIGHT_PARENTHESIS:
    *firstcharptr = firstchar;
    *firstcharflagsptr = firstcharflags;
    *reqcharptr = reqchar;
    *reqcharflagsptr = reqcharflags;
    *codeptr = code;
    *ptrptr = ptr;
    if (lengthptr != NULL)
      {
      if (OFLOW_MAX - *lengthptr < code - last_code)
        {
        *errorcodeptr = ERR20;
        goto FAILED;
        }
      *lengthptr += (int)(code - last_code);   /* To include callout length */
      DPRINTF((">> end branch\n"));
      }
    return TRUE;


    /* ===================================================================*/
    /* Handle single-character metacharacters. In multiline mode, ^ disables
    the setting of any following char as a first character. */

    case CHAR_CIRCUMFLEX_ACCENT:
    previous = NULL;
    if ((options & PCRE_MULTILINE) != 0)
      {
      if (firstcharflags == REQ_UNSET) firstcharflags = REQ_NONE;
      *code++ = OP_CIRCM;
      }
    else *code++ = OP_CIRC;
    break;

    case CHAR_DOLLAR_SIGN:
    previous = NULL;
    *code++ = ((options & PCRE_MULTILINE) != 0)? OP_DOLLM : OP_DOLL;
    break;

    /* There can never be a first char if '.' is first, whatever happens about
    repeats. The value of reqchar doesn't change either. */

    case CHAR_DOT:
    if (firstcharflags == REQ_UNSET) firstcharflags = REQ_NONE;
    zerofirstchar = firstchar;
    zerofirstcharflags = firstcharflags;
    zeroreqchar = reqchar;
    zeroreqcharflags = reqcharflags;
    previous = code;
    *code++ = ((options & PCRE_DOTALL) != 0)? OP_ALLANY: OP_ANY;
    break;


    /* ===================================================================*/
    /* Character classes. If the included characters are all < 256, we build a
    32-byte bitmap of the permitted characters, except in the special case
    where there is only one such character. For negated classes, we build the
    map as usual, then invert it at the end. However, we use a different opcode
    so that data characters > 255 can be handled correctly.

    If the class contains characters outside the 0-255 range, a different
    opcode is compiled. It may optionally have a bit map for characters < 256,
    but those above are are explicitly listed afterwards. A flag byte tells
    whether the bitmap is present, and whether this is a negated class or not.

    In JavaScript compatibility mode, an isolated ']' causes an error. In
    default (Perl) mode, it is treated as a data character. */

    case CHAR_RIGHT_SQUARE_BRACKET:
    if ((cd->external_options & PCRE_JAVASCRIPT_COMPAT) != 0)
      {
      *errorcodeptr = ERR64;
      goto FAILED;
      }
    goto NORMAL_CHAR;

    case CHAR_LEFT_SQUARE_BRACKET:
    previous = code;

    /* PCRE supports POSIX class stuff inside a class. Perl gives an error if
    they are encountered at the top level, so we'll do that too. */

    if ((ptr[1] == CHAR_COLON || ptr[1] == CHAR_DOT ||
         ptr[1] == CHAR_EQUALS_SIGN) &&
        check_posix_syntax(ptr, &tempptr))
      {
      *errorcodeptr = (ptr[1] == CHAR_COLON)? ERR13 : ERR31;
      goto FAILED;
      }

    /* If the first character is '^', set the negation flag and skip it. Also,
    if the first few characters (either before or after ^) are \Q\E or \E we
    skip them too. This makes for compatibility with Perl. */

    negate_class = FALSE;
    for (;;)
      {
      c = *(++ptr);
      if (c == CHAR_BACKSLASH)
        {
        if (ptr[1] == CHAR_E)
          ptr++;
        else if (STRNCMP_UC_C8(ptr + 1, STR_Q STR_BACKSLASH STR_E, 3) == 0)
          ptr += 3;
        else
          break;
        }
      else if (!negate_class && c == CHAR_CIRCUMFLEX_ACCENT)
        negate_class = TRUE;
      else break;
      }

    /* Empty classes are allowed in JavaScript compatibility mode. Otherwise,
    an initial ']' is taken as a data character -- the code below handles
    that. In JS mode, [] must always fail, so generate OP_FAIL, whereas
    [^] must match any character, so generate OP_ALLANY. */

    if (c == CHAR_RIGHT_SQUARE_BRACKET &&
        (cd->external_options & PCRE_JAVASCRIPT_COMPAT) != 0)
      {
      *code++ = negate_class? OP_ALLANY : OP_FAIL;
      if (firstcharflags == REQ_UNSET) firstcharflags = REQ_NONE;
      zerofirstchar = firstchar;
      zerofirstcharflags = firstcharflags;
      break;
      }

    /* If a class contains a negative special such as \S, we need to flip the
    negation flag at the end, so that support for characters > 255 works
    correctly (they are all included in the class). */

    should_flip_negation = FALSE;

    /* For optimization purposes, we track some properties of the class:
    class_has_8bitchar will be non-zero if the class contains at least one <
    256 character; class_one_char will be 1 if the class contains just one
    character. */

    class_has_8bitchar = 0;
    class_one_char = 0;

    /* Initialize the 32-char bit map to all zeros. We build the map in a
    temporary bit of memory, in case the class contains fewer than two
    8-bit characters because in that case the compiled code doesn't use the bit
    map. */

    memset(classbits, 0, 32 * sizeof(pcre_uint8));

#if defined SUPPORT_UTF || !defined COMPILE_PCRE8
    xclass = FALSE;
    class_uchardata = code + LINK_SIZE + 2;   /* For XCLASS items */
    class_uchardata_base = class_uchardata;   /* Save the start */
#endif

    /* Process characters until ] is reached. By writing this as a "do" it
    means that an initial ] is taken as a data character. At the start of the
    loop, c contains the first byte of the character. */

    if (c != CHAR_NULL) do
      {
      const pcre_uchar *oldptr;

#ifdef SUPPORT_UTF
      if (utf && HAS_EXTRALEN(c))
        {                           /* Braces are required because the */
        GETCHARLEN(c, ptr, ptr);    /* macro generates multiple statements */
        }
#endif

#if defined SUPPORT_UTF || !defined COMPILE_PCRE8
      /* In the pre-compile phase, accumulate the length of any extra
      data and reset the pointer. This is so that very large classes that
      contain a zillion > 255 characters no longer overwrite the work space
      (which is on the stack). We have to remember that there was XCLASS data,
      however. */

      if (lengthptr != NULL && class_uchardata > class_uchardata_base)
        {
        xclass = TRUE;
        *lengthptr += class_uchardata - class_uchardata_base;
        class_uchardata = class_uchardata_base;
        }
#endif

      /* Inside \Q...\E everything is literal except \E */

      if (inescq)
        {
        if (c == CHAR_BACKSLASH && ptr[1] == CHAR_E)  /* If we are at \E */
          {
          inescq = FALSE;                   /* Reset literal state */
          ptr++;                            /* Skip the 'E' */
          continue;                         /* Carry on with next */
          }
        goto CHECK_RANGE;                   /* Could be range if \E follows */
        }

      /* Handle POSIX class names. Perl allows a negation extension of the
      form [:^name:]. A square bracket that doesn't match the syntax is
      treated as a literal. We also recognize the POSIX constructions
      [.ch.] and [=ch=] ("collating elements") and fault them, as Perl
      5.6 and 5.8 do. */

      if (c == CHAR_LEFT_SQUARE_BRACKET &&
          (ptr[1] == CHAR_COLON || ptr[1] == CHAR_DOT ||
           ptr[1] == CHAR_EQUALS_SIGN) && check_posix_syntax(ptr, &tempptr))
        {
        BOOL local_negate = FALSE;
        int posix_class, taboffset, tabopt;
        register const pcre_uint8 *cbits = cd->cbits;
        pcre_uint8 pbits[32];

        if (ptr[1] != CHAR_COLON)
          {
          *errorcodeptr = ERR31;
          goto FAILED;
          }

        ptr += 2;
        if (*ptr == CHAR_CIRCUMFLEX_ACCENT)
          {
          local_negate = TRUE;
          should_flip_negation = TRUE;  /* Note negative special */
          ptr++;
          }

        posix_class = check_posix_name(ptr, (int)(tempptr - ptr));
        if (posix_class < 0)
          {
          *errorcodeptr = ERR30;
          goto FAILED;
          }

        /* If matching is caseless, upper and lower are converted to
        alpha. This relies on the fact that the class table starts with
        alpha, lower, upper as the first 3 entries. */

        if ((options & PCRE_CASELESS) != 0 && posix_class <= 2)
          posix_class = 0;

        /* When PCRE_UCP is set, some of the POSIX classes are converted to
        different escape sequences that use Unicode properties. */

#ifdef SUPPORT_UCP
        if ((options & PCRE_UCP) != 0)
          {
          int pc = posix_class + ((local_negate)? POSIX_SUBSIZE/2 : 0);
          if (posix_substitutes[pc] != NULL)
            {
            nestptr = tempptr + 1;
            ptr = posix_substitutes[pc] - 1;
            continue;
            }
          }
#endif
        /* In the non-UCP case, we build the bit map for the POSIX class in a
        chunk of local store because we may be adding and subtracting from it,
        and we don't want to subtract bits that may be in the main map already.
        At the end we or the result into the bit map that is being built. */

        posix_class *= 3;

        /* Copy in the first table (always present) */

        memcpy(pbits, cbits + posix_class_maps[posix_class],
          32 * sizeof(pcre_uint8));

        /* If there is a second table, add or remove it as required. */

        taboffset = posix_class_maps[posix_class + 1];
        tabopt = posix_class_maps[posix_class + 2];

        if (taboffset >= 0)
          {
          if (tabopt >= 0)
            for (c = 0; c < 32; c++) pbits[c] |= cbits[c + taboffset];
          else
            for (c = 0; c < 32; c++) pbits[c] &= ~cbits[c + taboffset];
          }

        /* Now see if we need to remove any special characters. An option
        value of 1 removes vertical space and 2 removes underscore. */

        if (tabopt < 0) tabopt = -tabopt;
        if (tabopt == 1) pbits[1] &= ~0x3c;
          else if (tabopt == 2) pbits[11] &= 0x7f;

        /* Add the POSIX table or its complement into the main table that is
        being built and we are done. */

        if (local_negate)
          for (c = 0; c < 32; c++) classbits[c] |= ~pbits[c];
        else
          for (c = 0; c < 32; c++) classbits[c] |= pbits[c];

        ptr = tempptr + 1;
        /* Every class contains at least one < 256 character. */
        class_has_8bitchar = 1;
        /* Every class contains at least two characters. */
        class_one_char = 2;
        continue;    /* End of POSIX syntax handling */
        }

      /* Backslash may introduce a single character, or it may introduce one
      of the specials, which just set a flag. The sequence \b is a special
      case. Inside a class (and only there) it is treated as backspace. We
      assume that other escapes have more than one character in them, so
      speculatively set both class_has_8bitchar and class_one_char bigger
      than one. Unrecognized escapes fall through and are either treated
      as literal characters (by default), or are faulted if
      PCRE_EXTRA is set. */

      if (c == CHAR_BACKSLASH)
        {
        escape = check_escape(&ptr, &ec, errorcodeptr, cd->bracount, options,
          TRUE);
        if (*errorcodeptr != 0) goto FAILED;
        if (escape == 0) c = ec;
        else if (escape == ESC_b) c = CHAR_BS; /* \b is backspace in a class */
        else if (escape == ESC_N)          /* \N is not supported in a class */
          {
          *errorcodeptr = ERR71;
          goto FAILED;
          }
        else if (escape == ESC_Q)            /* Handle start of quoted string */
          {
          if (ptr[1] == CHAR_BACKSLASH && ptr[2] == CHAR_E)
            {
            ptr += 2; /* avoid empty string */
            }
          else inescq = TRUE;
          continue;
          }
        else if (escape == ESC_E) continue;  /* Ignore orphan \E */

        else
          {
          register const pcre_uint8 *cbits = cd->cbits;
          /* Every class contains at least two < 256 characters. */
          class_has_8bitchar++;
          /* Every class contains at least two characters. */
          class_one_char += 2;

          switch (escape)
            {
#ifdef SUPPORT_UCP
            case ESC_du:     /* These are the values given for \d etc */
            case ESC_DU:     /* when PCRE_UCP is set. We replace the */
            case ESC_wu:     /* escape sequence with an appropriate \p */
            case ESC_WU:     /* or \P to test Unicode properties instead */
            case ESC_su:     /* of the default ASCII testing. */
            case ESC_SU:
            nestptr = ptr;
            ptr = substitutes[escape - ESC_DU] - 1;  /* Just before substitute */
            class_has_8bitchar--;                /* Undo! */
            continue;
#endif
            case ESC_d:
            for (c = 0; c < 32; c++) classbits[c] |= cbits[c+cbit_digit];
            continue;

            case ESC_D:
            should_flip_negation = TRUE;
            for (c = 0; c < 32; c++) classbits[c] |= ~cbits[c+cbit_digit];
            continue;

            case ESC_w:
            for (c = 0; c < 32; c++) classbits[c] |= cbits[c+cbit_word];
            continue;

            case ESC_W:
            should_flip_negation = TRUE;
            for (c = 0; c < 32; c++) classbits[c] |= ~cbits[c+cbit_word];
            continue;

            /* Perl 5.004 onwards omits VT from \s, but we must preserve it
            if it was previously set by something earlier in the character
            class. Luckily, the value of CHAR_VT is 0x0b in both ASCII and
            EBCDIC, so we lazily just adjust the appropriate bit. */

            case ESC_s:
            classbits[0] |= cbits[cbit_space];
            classbits[1] |= cbits[cbit_space+1] & ~0x08;
            for (c = 2; c < 32; c++) classbits[c] |= cbits[c+cbit_space];
            continue;

            case ESC_S:
            should_flip_negation = TRUE;
            for (c = 0; c < 32; c++) classbits[c] |= ~cbits[c+cbit_space];
            classbits[1] |= 0x08;    /* Perl 5.004 onwards omits VT from \s */
            continue;

            /* The rest apply in both UCP and non-UCP cases. */

            case ESC_h:
            (void)add_list_to_class(classbits, &class_uchardata, options, cd,
              PRIV(hspace_list), NOTACHAR);
            continue;

            case ESC_H:
            (void)add_not_list_to_class(classbits, &class_uchardata, options,
              cd, PRIV(hspace_list));
            continue;

            case ESC_v:
            (void)add_list_to_class(classbits, &class_uchardata, options, cd,
              PRIV(vspace_list), NOTACHAR);
            continue;

            case ESC_V:
            (void)add_not_list_to_class(classbits, &class_uchardata, options,
              cd, PRIV(vspace_list));
            continue;

#ifdef SUPPORT_UCP
            case ESC_p:
            case ESC_P:
              {
              BOOL negated;
              unsigned int ptype = 0, pdata = 0;
              if (!get_ucp(&ptr, &negated, &ptype, &pdata, errorcodeptr))
                goto FAILED;
              *class_uchardata++ = ((escape == ESC_p) != negated)?
                XCL_PROP : XCL_NOTPROP;
              *class_uchardata++ = ptype;
              *class_uchardata++ = pdata;
              class_has_8bitchar--;                /* Undo! */
              continue;
              }
#endif
            /* Unrecognized escapes are faulted if PCRE is running in its
            strict mode. By default, for compatibility with Perl, they are
            treated as literals. */

            default:
            if ((options & PCRE_EXTRA) != 0)
              {
              *errorcodeptr = ERR7;
              goto FAILED;
              }
            class_has_8bitchar--;    /* Undo the speculative increase. */
            class_one_char -= 2;     /* Undo the speculative increase. */
            c = *ptr;                /* Get the final character and fall through */
            break;
            }
          }

        /* Fall through if the escape just defined a single character (c >= 0).
        This may be greater than 256. */

        escape = 0;

        }   /* End of backslash handling */

      /* A character may be followed by '-' to form a range. However, Perl does
      not permit ']' to be the end of the range. A '-' character at the end is
      treated as a literal. Perl ignores orphaned \E sequences entirely. The
      code for handling \Q and \E is messy. */

      CHECK_RANGE:
      while (ptr[1] == CHAR_BACKSLASH && ptr[2] == CHAR_E)
        {
        inescq = FALSE;
        ptr += 2;
        }
      oldptr = ptr;

      /* Remember if \r or \n were explicitly used */

      if (c == CHAR_CR || c == CHAR_NL) cd->external_flags |= PCRE_HASCRORLF;

      /* Check for range */

      if (!inescq && ptr[1] == CHAR_MINUS)
        {
        pcre_uint32 d;
        ptr += 2;
        while (*ptr == CHAR_BACKSLASH && ptr[1] == CHAR_E) ptr += 2;

        /* If we hit \Q (not followed by \E) at this point, go into escaped
        mode. */

        while (*ptr == CHAR_BACKSLASH && ptr[1] == CHAR_Q)
          {
          ptr += 2;
          if (*ptr == CHAR_BACKSLASH && ptr[1] == CHAR_E)
            { ptr += 2; continue; }
          inescq = TRUE;
          break;
          }

        /* Minus (hyphen) at the end of a class is treated as a literal, so put
        back the pointer and jump to handle the character that preceded it. */

        if (*ptr == CHAR_NULL || (!inescq && *ptr == CHAR_RIGHT_SQUARE_BRACKET))
          {
          ptr = oldptr;
          goto CLASS_SINGLE_CHARACTER;
          }

        /* Otherwise, we have a potential range; pick up the next character */

#ifdef SUPPORT_UTF
        if (utf)
          {                           /* Braces are required because the */
          GETCHARLEN(d, ptr, ptr);    /* macro generates multiple statements */
          }
        else
#endif
        d = *ptr;  /* Not UTF-8 mode */

        /* The second part of a range can be a single-character escape, but
        not any of the other escapes. Perl 5.6 treats a hyphen as a literal
        in such circumstances. */

        if (!inescq && d == CHAR_BACKSLASH)
          {
          int descape;
          descape = check_escape(&ptr, &d, errorcodeptr, cd->bracount, options, TRUE);
          if (*errorcodeptr != 0) goto FAILED;

          /* \b is backspace; any other special means the '-' was literal. */

          if (descape != 0)
            {
            if (descape == ESC_b) d = CHAR_BS; else
              {
              ptr = oldptr;
              goto CLASS_SINGLE_CHARACTER;  /* A few lines below */
              }
            }
          }

        /* Check that the two values are in the correct order. Optimize
        one-character ranges. */

        if (d < c)
          {
          *errorcodeptr = ERR8;
          goto FAILED;
          }
        if (d == c) goto CLASS_SINGLE_CHARACTER;  /* A few lines below */

        /* We have found a character range, so single character optimizations
        cannot be done anymore. Any value greater than 1 indicates that there
        is more than one character. */

        class_one_char = 2;

        /* Remember an explicit \r or \n, and add the range to the class. */

        if (d == CHAR_CR || d == CHAR_NL) cd->external_flags |= PCRE_HASCRORLF;

        class_has_8bitchar +=
          add_to_class(classbits, &class_uchardata, options, cd, c, d);

        continue;   /* Go get the next char in the class */
        }

      /* Handle a single character - we can get here for a normal non-escape
      char, or after \ that introduces a single character or for an apparent
      range that isn't. Only the value 1 matters for class_one_char, so don't
      increase it if it is already 2 or more ... just in case there's a class
      with a zillion characters in it. */

      CLASS_SINGLE_CHARACTER:
      if (class_one_char < 2) class_one_char++;

      /* If class_one_char is 1, we have the first single character in the
      class, and there have been no prior ranges, or XCLASS items generated by
      escapes. If this is the final character in the class, we can optimize by
      turning the item into a 1-character OP_CHAR[I] if it's positive, or
      OP_NOT[I] if it's negative. In the positive case, it can cause firstchar
      to be set. Otherwise, there can be no first char if this item is first,
      whatever repeat count may follow. In the case of reqchar, save the
      previous value for reinstating. */

      if (class_one_char == 1 && ptr[1] == CHAR_RIGHT_SQUARE_BRACKET)
        {
        ptr++;
        zeroreqchar = reqchar;
        zeroreqcharflags = reqcharflags;

        if (negate_class)
          {
#ifdef SUPPORT_UCP
          int d;
#endif
          if (firstcharflags == REQ_UNSET) firstcharflags = REQ_NONE;
          zerofirstchar = firstchar;
          zerofirstcharflags = firstcharflags;

          /* For caseless UTF-8 mode when UCP support is available, check
          whether this character has more than one other case. If so, generate
          a special OP_NOTPROP item instead of OP_NOTI. */

#ifdef SUPPORT_UCP
          if (utf && (options & PCRE_CASELESS) != 0 &&
              (d = UCD_CASESET(c)) != 0)
            {
            *code++ = OP_NOTPROP;
            *code++ = PT_CLIST;
            *code++ = d;
            }
          else
#endif
          /* Char has only one other case, or UCP not available */

            {
            *code++ = ((options & PCRE_CASELESS) != 0)? OP_NOTI: OP_NOT;
#if defined SUPPORT_UTF && !defined COMPILE_PCRE32
            if (utf && c > MAX_VALUE_FOR_SINGLE_CHAR)
              code += PRIV(ord2utf)(c, code);
            else
#endif
              *code++ = c;
            }

          /* We are finished with this character class */

          goto END_CLASS;
          }

        /* For a single, positive character, get the value into mcbuffer, and
        then we can handle this with the normal one-character code. */

#if defined SUPPORT_UTF && !defined COMPILE_PCRE32
        if (utf && c > MAX_VALUE_FOR_SINGLE_CHAR)
          mclength = PRIV(ord2utf)(c, mcbuffer);
        else
#endif
          {
          mcbuffer[0] = c;
          mclength = 1;
          }
        goto ONE_CHAR;
        }       /* End of 1-char optimization */

      /* There is more than one character in the class, or an XCLASS item
      has been generated. Add this character to the class. */

      class_has_8bitchar +=
        add_to_class(classbits, &class_uchardata, options, cd, c, c);
      }

    /* Loop until ']' reached. This "while" is the end of the "do" far above.
    If we are at the end of an internal nested string, revert to the outer
    string. */

    while (((c = *(++ptr)) != CHAR_NULL ||
           (nestptr != NULL &&
             (ptr = nestptr, nestptr = NULL, c = *(++ptr)) != CHAR_NULL)) &&
           (c != CHAR_RIGHT_SQUARE_BRACKET || inescq));

    /* Check for missing terminating ']' */

    if (c == CHAR_NULL)
      {
      *errorcodeptr = ERR6;
      goto FAILED;
      }

    /* We will need an XCLASS if data has been placed in class_uchardata. In
    the second phase this is a sufficient test. However, in the pre-compile
    phase, class_uchardata gets emptied to prevent workspace overflow, so it
    only if the very last character in the class needs XCLASS will it contain
    anything at this point. For this reason, xclass gets set TRUE above when
    uchar_classdata is emptied, and that's why this code is the way it is here
    instead of just doing a test on class_uchardata below. */

#if defined SUPPORT_UTF || !defined COMPILE_PCRE8
    if (class_uchardata > class_uchardata_base) xclass = TRUE;
#endif

    /* If this is the first thing in the branch, there can be no first char
    setting, whatever the repeat count. Any reqchar setting must remain
    unchanged after any kind of repeat. */

    if (firstcharflags == REQ_UNSET) firstcharflags = REQ_NONE;
    zerofirstchar = firstchar;
    zerofirstcharflags = firstcharflags;
    zeroreqchar = reqchar;
    zeroreqcharflags = reqcharflags;

    /* If there are characters with values > 255, we have to compile an
    extended class, with its own opcode, unless there was a negated special
    such as \S in the class, and PCRE_UCP is not set, because in that case all
    characters > 255 are in the class, so any that were explicitly given as
    well can be ignored. If (when there are explicit characters > 255 that must
    be listed) there are no characters < 256, we can omit the bitmap in the
    actual compiled code. */

#ifdef SUPPORT_UTF
    if (xclass && (!should_flip_negation || (options & PCRE_UCP) != 0))
#elif !defined COMPILE_PCRE8
    if (xclass && !should_flip_negation)
#endif
#if defined SUPPORT_UTF || !defined COMPILE_PCRE8
      {
      *class_uchardata++ = XCL_END;    /* Marks the end of extra data */
      *code++ = OP_XCLASS;
      code += LINK_SIZE;
      *code = negate_class? XCL_NOT:0;

      /* If the map is required, move up the extra data to make room for it;
      otherwise just move the code pointer to the end of the extra data. */

      if (class_has_8bitchar > 0)
        {
        *code++ |= XCL_MAP;
        memmove(code + (32 / sizeof(pcre_uchar)), code,
          IN_UCHARS(class_uchardata - code));
        memcpy(code, classbits, 32);
        code = class_uchardata + (32 / sizeof(pcre_uchar));
        }
      else code = class_uchardata;

      /* Now fill in the complete length of the item */

      PUT(previous, 1, (int)(code - previous));
      break;   /* End of class handling */
      }
#endif

    /* If there are no characters > 255, or they are all to be included or
    excluded, set the opcode to OP_CLASS or OP_NCLASS, depending on whether the
    whole class was negated and whether there were negative specials such as \S
    (non-UCP) in the class. Then copy the 32-byte map into the code vector,
    negating it if necessary. */

    *code++ = (negate_class == should_flip_negation) ? OP_CLASS : OP_NCLASS;
    if (lengthptr == NULL)    /* Save time in the pre-compile phase */
      {
      if (negate_class)
        for (c = 0; c < 32; c++) classbits[c] = ~classbits[c];
      memcpy(code, classbits, 32);
      }
    code += 32 / sizeof(pcre_uchar);

    END_CLASS:
    break;


    /* ===================================================================*/
    /* Various kinds of repeat; '{' is not necessarily a quantifier, but this
    has been tested above. */

    case CHAR_LEFT_CURLY_BRACKET:
    if (!is_quantifier) goto NORMAL_CHAR;
    ptr = read_repeat_counts(ptr+1, &repeat_min, &repeat_max, errorcodeptr);
    if (*errorcodeptr != 0) goto FAILED;
    goto REPEAT;

    case CHAR_ASTERISK:
    repeat_min = 0;
    repeat_max = -1;
    goto REPEAT;

    case CHAR_PLUS:
    repeat_min = 1;
    repeat_max = -1;
    goto REPEAT;

    case CHAR_QUESTION_MARK:
    repeat_min = 0;
    repeat_max = 1;

    REPEAT:
    if (previous == NULL)
      {
      *errorcodeptr = ERR9;
      goto FAILED;
      }

    if (repeat_min == 0)
      {
      firstchar = zerofirstchar;    /* Adjust for zero repeat */
      firstcharflags = zerofirstcharflags;
      reqchar = zeroreqchar;        /* Ditto */
      reqcharflags = zeroreqcharflags;
      }

    /* Remember whether this is a variable length repeat */

    reqvary = (repeat_min == repeat_max)? 0 : REQ_VARY;

    op_type = 0;                    /* Default single-char op codes */
    possessive_quantifier = FALSE;  /* Default not possessive quantifier */

    /* Save start of previous item, in case we have to move it up in order to
    insert something before it. */

    tempcode = previous;

    /* If the next character is '+', we have a possessive quantifier. This
    implies greediness, whatever the setting of the PCRE_UNGREEDY option.
    If the next character is '?' this is a minimizing repeat, by default,
    but if PCRE_UNGREEDY is set, it works the other way round. We change the
    repeat type to the non-default. */

    if (ptr[1] == CHAR_PLUS)
      {
      repeat_type = 0;                  /* Force greedy */
      possessive_quantifier = TRUE;
      ptr++;
      }
    else if (ptr[1] == CHAR_QUESTION_MARK)
      {
      repeat_type = greedy_non_default;
      ptr++;
      }
    else repeat_type = greedy_default;

    /* If previous was a recursion call, wrap it in atomic brackets so that
    previous becomes the atomic group. All recursions were so wrapped in the
    past, but it no longer happens for non-repeated recursions. In fact, the
    repeated ones could be re-implemented independently so as not to need this,
    but for the moment we rely on the code for repeating groups. */

    if (*previous == OP_RECURSE)
      {
      memmove(previous + 1 + LINK_SIZE, previous, IN_UCHARS(1 + LINK_SIZE));
      *previous = OP_ONCE;
      PUT(previous, 1, 2 + 2*LINK_SIZE);
      previous[2 + 2*LINK_SIZE] = OP_KET;
      PUT(previous, 3 + 2*LINK_SIZE, 2 + 2*LINK_SIZE);
      code += 2 + 2 * LINK_SIZE;
      length_prevgroup = 3 + 3*LINK_SIZE;

      /* When actually compiling, we need to check whether this was a forward
      reference, and if so, adjust the offset. */

      if (lengthptr == NULL && cd->hwm >= cd->start_workspace + LINK_SIZE)
        {
        int offset = GET(cd->hwm, -LINK_SIZE);
        if (offset == previous + 1 - cd->start_code)
          PUT(cd->hwm, -LINK_SIZE, offset + 1 + LINK_SIZE);
        }
      }

    /* Now handle repetition for the different types of item. */

    /* If previous was a character or negated character match, abolish the item
    and generate a repeat item instead. If a char item has a minimum of more
    than one, ensure that it is set in reqchar - it might not be if a sequence
    such as x{3} is the first thing in a branch because the x will have gone
    into firstchar instead.  */

    if (*previous == OP_CHAR || *previous == OP_CHARI
        || *previous == OP_NOT || *previous == OP_NOTI)
      {
      switch (*previous)
        {
        default: /* Make compiler happy. */
        case OP_CHAR:  op_type = OP_STAR - OP_STAR; break;
        case OP_CHARI: op_type = OP_STARI - OP_STAR; break;
        case OP_NOT:   op_type = OP_NOTSTAR - OP_STAR; break;
        case OP_NOTI:  op_type = OP_NOTSTARI - OP_STAR; break;
        }

      /* Deal with UTF characters that take up more than one character. It's
      easier to write this out separately than try to macrify it. Use c to
      hold the length of the character in bytes, plus UTF_LENGTH to flag that
      it's a length rather than a small character. */

#if defined SUPPORT_UTF && !defined COMPILE_PCRE32
      if (utf && NOT_FIRSTCHAR(code[-1]))
        {
        pcre_uchar *lastchar = code - 1;
        BACKCHAR(lastchar);
        c = (int)(code - lastchar);     /* Length of UTF-8 character */
        memcpy(utf_chars, lastchar, IN_UCHARS(c)); /* Save the char */
        c |= UTF_LENGTH;                /* Flag c as a length */
        }
      else
#endif /* SUPPORT_UTF */

      /* Handle the case of a single charater - either with no UTF support, or
      with UTF disabled, or for a single character UTF character. */
        {
        c = code[-1];
        if (*previous <= OP_CHARI && repeat_min > 1)
          {
          reqchar = c;
          reqcharflags = req_caseopt | cd->req_varyopt;
          }
        }

      /* If the repetition is unlimited, it pays to see if the next thing on
      the line is something that cannot possibly match this character. If so,
      automatically possessifying this item gains some performance in the case
      where the match fails. */

      if (!possessive_quantifier &&
          repeat_max < 0 &&
          check_auto_possessive(previous, utf, ptr + 1, options, cd))
        {
        repeat_type = 0;    /* Force greedy */
        possessive_quantifier = TRUE;
        }

      goto OUTPUT_SINGLE_REPEAT;   /* Code shared with single character types */
      }

    /* If previous was a character type match (\d or similar), abolish it and
    create a suitable repeat item. The code is shared with single-character
    repeats by setting op_type to add a suitable offset into repeat_type. Note
    the the Unicode property types will be present only when SUPPORT_UCP is
    defined, but we don't wrap the little bits of code here because it just
    makes it horribly messy. */

    else if (*previous < OP_EODN)
      {
      pcre_uchar *oldcode;
      int prop_type, prop_value;
      op_type = OP_TYPESTAR - OP_STAR;  /* Use type opcodes */
      c = *previous;

      if (!possessive_quantifier &&
          repeat_max < 0 &&
          check_auto_possessive(previous, utf, ptr + 1, options, cd))
        {
        repeat_type = 0;    /* Force greedy */
        possessive_quantifier = TRUE;
        }

      OUTPUT_SINGLE_REPEAT:
      if (*previous == OP_PROP || *previous == OP_NOTPROP)
        {
        prop_type = previous[1];
        prop_value = previous[2];
        }
      else prop_type = prop_value = -1;

      oldcode = code;
      code = previous;                  /* Usually overwrite previous item */

      /* If the maximum is zero then the minimum must also be zero; Perl allows
      this case, so we do too - by simply omitting the item altogether. */

      if (repeat_max == 0) goto END_REPEAT;

      /* Combine the op_type with the repeat_type */

      repeat_type += op_type;

      /* A minimum of zero is handled either as the special case * or ?, or as
      an UPTO, with the maximum given. */

      if (repeat_min == 0)
        {
        if (repeat_max == -1) *code++ = OP_STAR + repeat_type;
          else if (repeat_max == 1) *code++ = OP_QUERY + repeat_type;
        else
          {
          *code++ = OP_UPTO + repeat_type;
          PUT2INC(code, 0, repeat_max);
          }
        }

      /* A repeat minimum of 1 is optimized into some special cases. If the
      maximum is unlimited, we use OP_PLUS. Otherwise, the original item is
      left in place and, if the maximum is greater than 1, we use OP_UPTO with
      one less than the maximum. */

      else if (repeat_min == 1)
        {
        if (repeat_max == -1)
          *code++ = OP_PLUS + repeat_type;
        else
          {
          code = oldcode;                 /* leave previous item in place */
          if (repeat_max == 1) goto END_REPEAT;
          *code++ = OP_UPTO + repeat_type;
          PUT2INC(code, 0, repeat_max - 1);
          }
        }

      /* The case {n,n} is just an EXACT, while the general case {n,m} is
      handled as an EXACT followed by an UPTO. */

      else
        {
        *code++ = OP_EXACT + op_type;  /* NB EXACT doesn't have repeat_type */
        PUT2INC(code, 0, repeat_min);

        /* If the maximum is unlimited, insert an OP_STAR. Before doing so,
        we have to insert the character for the previous code. For a repeated
        Unicode property match, there are two extra bytes that define the
        required property. In UTF-8 mode, long characters have their length in
        c, with the UTF_LENGTH bit as a flag. */

        if (repeat_max < 0)
          {
#if defined SUPPORT_UTF && !defined COMPILE_PCRE32
          if (utf && (c & UTF_LENGTH) != 0)
            {
            memcpy(code, utf_chars, IN_UCHARS(c & 7));
            code += c & 7;
            }
          else
#endif
            {
            *code++ = c;
            if (prop_type >= 0)
              {
              *code++ = prop_type;
              *code++ = prop_value;
              }
            }
          *code++ = OP_STAR + repeat_type;
          }

        /* Else insert an UPTO if the max is greater than the min, again
        preceded by the character, for the previously inserted code. If the
        UPTO is just for 1 instance, we can use QUERY instead. */

        else if (repeat_max != repeat_min)
          {
#if defined SUPPORT_UTF && !defined COMPILE_PCRE32
          if (utf && (c & UTF_LENGTH) != 0)
            {
            memcpy(code, utf_chars, IN_UCHARS(c & 7));
            code += c & 7;
            }
          else
#endif
          *code++ = c;
          if (prop_type >= 0)
            {
            *code++ = prop_type;
            *code++ = prop_value;
            }
          repeat_max -= repeat_min;

          if (repeat_max == 1)
            {
            *code++ = OP_QUERY + repeat_type;
            }
          else
            {
            *code++ = OP_UPTO + repeat_type;
            PUT2INC(code, 0, repeat_max);
            }
          }
        }

      /* The character or character type itself comes last in all cases. */

#if defined SUPPORT_UTF && !defined COMPILE_PCRE32
      if (utf && (c & UTF_LENGTH) != 0)
        {
        memcpy(code, utf_chars, IN_UCHARS(c & 7));
        code += c & 7;
        }
      else
#endif
      *code++ = c;

      /* For a repeated Unicode property match, there are two extra bytes that
      define the required property. */

#ifdef SUPPORT_UCP
      if (prop_type >= 0)
        {
        *code++ = prop_type;
        *code++ = prop_value;
        }
#endif
      }

    /* If previous was a character class or a back reference, we put the repeat
    stuff after it, but just skip the item if the repeat was {0,0}. */

    else if (*previous == OP_CLASS ||
             *previous == OP_NCLASS ||
#if defined SUPPORT_UTF || !defined COMPILE_PCRE8
             *previous == OP_XCLASS ||
#endif
             *previous == OP_REF ||
             *previous == OP_REFI)
      {
      if (repeat_max == 0)
        {
        code = previous;
        goto END_REPEAT;
        }

      if (repeat_min == 0 && repeat_max == -1)
        *code++ = OP_CRSTAR + repeat_type;
      else if (repeat_min == 1 && repeat_max == -1)
        *code++ = OP_CRPLUS + repeat_type;
      else if (repeat_min == 0 && repeat_max == 1)
        *code++ = OP_CRQUERY + repeat_type;
      else
        {
        *code++ = OP_CRRANGE + repeat_type;
        PUT2INC(code, 0, repeat_min);
        if (repeat_max == -1) repeat_max = 0;  /* 2-byte encoding for max */
        PUT2INC(code, 0, repeat_max);
        }
      }

    /* If previous was a bracket group, we may have to replicate it in certain
    cases. Note that at this point we can encounter only the "basic" bracket
    opcodes such as BRA and CBRA, as this is the place where they get converted
    into the more special varieties such as BRAPOS and SBRA. A test for >=
    OP_ASSERT and <= OP_COND includes ASSERT, ASSERT_NOT, ASSERTBACK,
    ASSERTBACK_NOT, ONCE, BRA, CBRA, and COND. Originally, PCRE did not allow
    repetition of assertions, but now it does, for Perl compatibility. */

    else if (*previous >= OP_ASSERT && *previous <= OP_COND)
      {
      register int i;
      int len = (int)(code - previous);
      pcre_uchar *bralink = NULL;
      pcre_uchar *brazeroptr = NULL;

      /* Repeating a DEFINE group is pointless, but Perl allows the syntax, so
      we just ignore the repeat. */

      if (*previous == OP_COND && previous[LINK_SIZE+1] == OP_DEF)
        goto END_REPEAT;

      /* There is no sense in actually repeating assertions. The only potential
      use of repetition is in cases when the assertion is optional. Therefore,
      if the minimum is greater than zero, just ignore the repeat. If the
      maximum is not not zero or one, set it to 1. */

      if (*previous < OP_ONCE)    /* Assertion */
        {
        if (repeat_min > 0) goto END_REPEAT;
        if (repeat_max < 0 || repeat_max > 1) repeat_max = 1;
        }

      /* The case of a zero minimum is special because of the need to stick
      OP_BRAZERO in front of it, and because the group appears once in the
      data, whereas in other cases it appears the minimum number of times. For
      this reason, it is simplest to treat this case separately, as otherwise
      the code gets far too messy. There are several special subcases when the
      minimum is zero. */

      if (repeat_min == 0)
        {
        /* If the maximum is also zero, we used to just omit the group from the
        output altogether, like this:

        ** if (repeat_max == 0)
        **   {
        **   code = previous;
        **   goto END_REPEAT;
        **   }

        However, that fails when a group or a subgroup within it is referenced
        as a subroutine from elsewhere in the pattern, so now we stick in
        OP_SKIPZERO in front of it so that it is skipped on execution. As we
        don't have a list of which groups are referenced, we cannot do this
        selectively.

        If the maximum is 1 or unlimited, we just have to stick in the BRAZERO
        and do no more at this point. However, we do need to adjust any
        OP_RECURSE calls inside the group that refer to the group itself or any
        internal or forward referenced group, because the offset is from the
        start of the whole regex. Temporarily terminate the pattern while doing
        this. */

        if (repeat_max <= 1)    /* Covers 0, 1, and unlimited */
          {
          *code = OP_END;
          adjust_recurse(previous, 1, utf, cd, save_hwm);
          memmove(previous + 1, previous, IN_UCHARS(len));
          code++;
          if (repeat_max == 0)
            {
            *previous++ = OP_SKIPZERO;
            goto END_REPEAT;
            }
          brazeroptr = previous;    /* Save for possessive optimizing */
          *previous++ = OP_BRAZERO + repeat_type;
          }

        /* If the maximum is greater than 1 and limited, we have to replicate
        in a nested fashion, sticking OP_BRAZERO before each set of brackets.
        The first one has to be handled carefully because it's the original
        copy, which has to be moved up. The remainder can be handled by code
        that is common with the non-zero minimum case below. We have to
        adjust the value or repeat_max, since one less copy is required. Once
        again, we may have to adjust any OP_RECURSE calls inside the group. */

        else
          {
          int offset;
          *code = OP_END;
          adjust_recurse(previous, 2 + LINK_SIZE, utf, cd, save_hwm);
          memmove(previous + 2 + LINK_SIZE, previous, IN_UCHARS(len));
          code += 2 + LINK_SIZE;
          *previous++ = OP_BRAZERO + repeat_type;
          *previous++ = OP_BRA;

          /* We chain together the bracket offset fields that have to be
          filled in later when the ends of the brackets are reached. */

          offset = (bralink == NULL)? 0 : (int)(previous - bralink);
          bralink = previous;
          PUTINC(previous, 0, offset);
          }

        repeat_max--;
        }

      /* If the minimum is greater than zero, replicate the group as many
      times as necessary, and adjust the maximum to the number of subsequent
      copies that we need. If we set a first char from the group, and didn't
      set a required char, copy the latter from the former. If there are any
      forward reference subroutine calls in the group, there will be entries on
      the workspace list; replicate these with an appropriate increment. */

      else
        {
        if (repeat_min > 1)
          {
          /* In the pre-compile phase, we don't actually do the replication. We
          just adjust the length as if we had. Do some paranoid checks for
          potential integer overflow. The INT64_OR_DOUBLE type is a 64-bit
          integer type when available, otherwise double. */

          if (lengthptr != NULL)
            {
            int delta = (repeat_min - 1)*length_prevgroup;
            if ((INT64_OR_DOUBLE)(repeat_min - 1)*
                  (INT64_OR_DOUBLE)length_prevgroup >
                    (INT64_OR_DOUBLE)INT_MAX ||
                OFLOW_MAX - *lengthptr < delta)
              {
              *errorcodeptr = ERR20;
              goto FAILED;
              }
            *lengthptr += delta;
            }

          /* This is compiling for real. If there is a set first byte for
          the group, and we have not yet set a "required byte", set it. Make
          sure there is enough workspace for copying forward references before
          doing the copy. */

          else
            {
            if (groupsetfirstchar && reqcharflags < 0)
              {
              reqchar = firstchar;
              reqcharflags = firstcharflags;
              }

            for (i = 1; i < repeat_min; i++)
              {
              pcre_uchar *hc;
              pcre_uchar *this_hwm = cd->hwm;
              memcpy(code, previous, IN_UCHARS(len));

              while (cd->hwm > cd->start_workspace + cd->workspace_size -
                     WORK_SIZE_SAFETY_MARGIN - (this_hwm - save_hwm))
                {
                int save_offset = save_hwm - cd->start_workspace;
                int this_offset = this_hwm - cd->start_workspace;
                *errorcodeptr = expand_workspace(cd);
                if (*errorcodeptr != 0) goto FAILED;
                save_hwm = (pcre_uchar *)cd->start_workspace + save_offset;
                this_hwm = (pcre_uchar *)cd->start_workspace + this_offset;
                }

              for (hc = save_hwm; hc < this_hwm; hc += LINK_SIZE)
                {
                PUT(cd->hwm, 0, GET(hc, 0) + len);
                cd->hwm += LINK_SIZE;
                }
              save_hwm = this_hwm;
              code += len;
              }
            }
          }

        if (repeat_max > 0) repeat_max -= repeat_min;
        }

      /* This code is common to both the zero and non-zero minimum cases. If
      the maximum is limited, it replicates the group in a nested fashion,
      remembering the bracket starts on a stack. In the case of a zero minimum,
      the first one was set up above. In all cases the repeat_max now specifies
      the number of additional copies needed. Again, we must remember to
      replicate entries on the forward reference list. */

      if (repeat_max >= 0)
        {
        /* In the pre-compile phase, we don't actually do the replication. We
        just adjust the length as if we had. For each repetition we must add 1
        to the length for BRAZERO and for all but the last repetition we must
        add 2 + 2*LINKSIZE to allow for the nesting that occurs. Do some
        paranoid checks to avoid integer overflow. The INT64_OR_DOUBLE type is
        a 64-bit integer type when available, otherwise double. */

        if (lengthptr != NULL && repeat_max > 0)
          {
          int delta = repeat_max * (length_prevgroup + 1 + 2 + 2*LINK_SIZE) -
                      2 - 2*LINK_SIZE;   /* Last one doesn't nest */
          if ((INT64_OR_DOUBLE)repeat_max *
                (INT64_OR_DOUBLE)(length_prevgroup + 1 + 2 + 2*LINK_SIZE)
                  > (INT64_OR_DOUBLE)INT_MAX ||
              OFLOW_MAX - *lengthptr < delta)
            {
            *errorcodeptr = ERR20;
            goto FAILED;
            }
          *lengthptr += delta;
          }

        /* This is compiling for real */

        else for (i = repeat_max - 1; i >= 0; i--)
          {
          pcre_uchar *hc;
          pcre_uchar *this_hwm = cd->hwm;

          *code++ = OP_BRAZERO + repeat_type;

          /* All but the final copy start a new nesting, maintaining the
          chain of brackets outstanding. */

          if (i != 0)
            {
            int offset;
            *code++ = OP_BRA;
            offset = (bralink == NULL)? 0 : (int)(code - bralink);
            bralink = code;
            PUTINC(code, 0, offset);
            }

          memcpy(code, previous, IN_UCHARS(len));

          /* Ensure there is enough workspace for forward references before
          copying them. */

          while (cd->hwm > cd->start_workspace + cd->workspace_size -
                 WORK_SIZE_SAFETY_MARGIN - (this_hwm - save_hwm))
            {
            int save_offset = save_hwm - cd->start_workspace;
            int this_offset = this_hwm - cd->start_workspace;
            *errorcodeptr = expand_workspace(cd);
            if (*errorcodeptr != 0) goto FAILED;
            save_hwm = (pcre_uchar *)cd->start_workspace + save_offset;
            this_hwm = (pcre_uchar *)cd->start_workspace + this_offset;
            }

          for (hc = save_hwm; hc < this_hwm; hc += LINK_SIZE)
            {
            PUT(cd->hwm, 0, GET(hc, 0) + len + ((i != 0)? 2+LINK_SIZE : 1));
            cd->hwm += LINK_SIZE;
            }
          save_hwm = this_hwm;
          code += len;
          }

        /* Now chain through the pending brackets, and fill in their length
        fields (which are holding the chain links pro tem). */

        while (bralink != NULL)
          {
          int oldlinkoffset;
          int offset = (int)(code - bralink + 1);
          pcre_uchar *bra = code - offset;
          oldlinkoffset = GET(bra, 1);
          bralink = (oldlinkoffset == 0)? NULL : bralink - oldlinkoffset;
          *code++ = OP_KET;
          PUTINC(code, 0, offset);
          PUT(bra, 1, offset);
          }
        }

      /* If the maximum is unlimited, set a repeater in the final copy. For
      ONCE brackets, that's all we need to do. However, possessively repeated
      ONCE brackets can be converted into non-capturing brackets, as the
      behaviour of (?:xx)++ is the same as (?>xx)++ and this saves having to
      deal with possessive ONCEs specially.

      Otherwise, when we are doing the actual compile phase, check to see
      whether this group is one that could match an empty string. If so,
      convert the initial operator to the S form (e.g. OP_BRA -> OP_SBRA) so
      that runtime checking can be done. [This check is also applied to ONCE
      groups at runtime, but in a different way.]

      Then, if the quantifier was possessive and the bracket is not a
      conditional, we convert the BRA code to the POS form, and the KET code to
      KETRPOS. (It turns out to be convenient at runtime to detect this kind of
      subpattern at both the start and at the end.) The use of special opcodes
      makes it possible to reduce greatly the stack usage in pcre_exec(). If
      the group is preceded by OP_BRAZERO, convert this to OP_BRAPOSZERO.

      Then, if the minimum number of matches is 1 or 0, cancel the possessive
      flag so that the default action below, of wrapping everything inside
      atomic brackets, does not happen. When the minimum is greater than 1,
      there will be earlier copies of the group, and so we still have to wrap
      the whole thing. */

      else
        {
        pcre_uchar *ketcode = code - 1 - LINK_SIZE;
        pcre_uchar *bracode = ketcode - GET(ketcode, 1);

        /* Convert possessive ONCE brackets to non-capturing */

        if ((*bracode == OP_ONCE || *bracode == OP_ONCE_NC) &&
            possessive_quantifier) *bracode = OP_BRA;

        /* For non-possessive ONCE brackets, all we need to do is to
        set the KET. */

        if (*bracode == OP_ONCE || *bracode == OP_ONCE_NC)
          *ketcode = OP_KETRMAX + repeat_type;

        /* Handle non-ONCE brackets and possessive ONCEs (which have been
        converted to non-capturing above). */

        else
          {
          /* In the compile phase, check for empty string matching. */

          if (lengthptr == NULL)
            {
            pcre_uchar *scode = bracode;
            do
              {
              if (could_be_empty_branch(scode, ketcode, utf, cd))
                {
                *bracode += OP_SBRA - OP_BRA;
                break;
                }
              scode += GET(scode, 1);
              }
            while (*scode == OP_ALT);
            }

          /* Handle possessive quantifiers. */

          if (possessive_quantifier)
            {
            /* For COND brackets, we wrap the whole thing in a possessively
            repeated non-capturing bracket, because we have not invented POS
            versions of the COND opcodes. Because we are moving code along, we
            must ensure that any pending recursive references are updated. */

            if (*bracode == OP_COND || *bracode == OP_SCOND)
              {
              int nlen = (int)(code - bracode);
              *code = OP_END;
              adjust_recurse(bracode, 1 + LINK_SIZE, utf, cd, save_hwm);
              memmove(bracode + 1 + LINK_SIZE, bracode, IN_UCHARS(nlen));
              code += 1 + LINK_SIZE;
              nlen += 1 + LINK_SIZE;
              *bracode = OP_BRAPOS;
              *code++ = OP_KETRPOS;
              PUTINC(code, 0, nlen);
              PUT(bracode, 1, nlen);
              }

            /* For non-COND brackets, we modify the BRA code and use KETRPOS. */

            else
              {
              *bracode += 1;              /* Switch to xxxPOS opcodes */
              *ketcode = OP_KETRPOS;
              }

            /* If the minimum is zero, mark it as possessive, then unset the
            possessive flag when the minimum is 0 or 1. */

            if (brazeroptr != NULL) *brazeroptr = OP_BRAPOSZERO;
            if (repeat_min < 2) possessive_quantifier = FALSE;
            }

          /* Non-possessive quantifier */

          else *ketcode = OP_KETRMAX + repeat_type;
          }
        }
      }

    /* If previous is OP_FAIL, it was generated by an empty class [] in
    JavaScript mode. The other ways in which OP_FAIL can be generated, that is
    by (*FAIL) or (?!) set previous to NULL, which gives a "nothing to repeat"
    error above. We can just ignore the repeat in JS case. */

    else if (*previous == OP_FAIL) goto END_REPEAT;

    /* Else there's some kind of shambles */

    else
      {
      *errorcodeptr = ERR11;
      goto FAILED;
      }

    /* If the character following a repeat is '+', or if certain optimization
    tests above succeeded, possessive_quantifier is TRUE. For some opcodes,
    there are special alternative opcodes for this case. For anything else, we
    wrap the entire repeated item inside OP_ONCE brackets. Logically, the '+'
    notation is just syntactic sugar, taken from Sun's Java package, but the
    special opcodes can optimize it.

    Some (but not all) possessively repeated subpatterns have already been
    completely handled in the code just above. For them, possessive_quantifier
    is always FALSE at this stage.

    Note that the repeated item starts at tempcode, not at previous, which
    might be the first part of a string whose (former) last char we repeated.

    Possessifying an 'exact' quantifier has no effect, so we can ignore it. But
    an 'upto' may follow. We skip over an 'exact' item, and then test the
    length of what remains before proceeding. */

    if (possessive_quantifier)
      {
      int len;

      if (*tempcode == OP_TYPEEXACT)
        tempcode += PRIV(OP_lengths)[*tempcode] +
          ((tempcode[1 + IMM2_SIZE] == OP_PROP
          || tempcode[1 + IMM2_SIZE] == OP_NOTPROP)? 2 : 0);

      else if (*tempcode == OP_EXACT || *tempcode == OP_NOTEXACT)
        {
        tempcode += PRIV(OP_lengths)[*tempcode];
#ifdef SUPPORT_UTF
        if (utf && HAS_EXTRALEN(tempcode[-1]))
          tempcode += GET_EXTRALEN(tempcode[-1]);
#endif
        }

      len = (int)(code - tempcode);
      if (len > 0) switch (*tempcode)
        {
        case OP_STAR:  *tempcode = OP_POSSTAR; break;
        case OP_PLUS:  *tempcode = OP_POSPLUS; break;
        case OP_QUERY: *tempcode = OP_POSQUERY; break;
        case OP_UPTO:  *tempcode = OP_POSUPTO; break;

        case OP_STARI:  *tempcode = OP_POSSTARI; break;
        case OP_PLUSI:  *tempcode = OP_POSPLUSI; break;
        case OP_QUERYI: *tempcode = OP_POSQUERYI; break;
        case OP_UPTOI:  *tempcode = OP_POSUPTOI; break;

        case OP_NOTSTAR:  *tempcode = OP_NOTPOSSTAR; break;
        case OP_NOTPLUS:  *tempcode = OP_NOTPOSPLUS; break;
        case OP_NOTQUERY: *tempcode = OP_NOTPOSQUERY; break;
        case OP_NOTUPTO:  *tempcode = OP_NOTPOSUPTO; break;

        case OP_NOTSTARI:  *tempcode = OP_NOTPOSSTARI; break;
        case OP_NOTPLUSI:  *tempcode = OP_NOTPOSPLUSI; break;
        case OP_NOTQUERYI: *tempcode = OP_NOTPOSQUERYI; break;
        case OP_NOTUPTOI:  *tempcode = OP_NOTPOSUPTOI; break;

        case OP_TYPESTAR:  *tempcode = OP_TYPEPOSSTAR; break;
        case OP_TYPEPLUS:  *tempcode = OP_TYPEPOSPLUS; break;
        case OP_TYPEQUERY: *tempcode = OP_TYPEPOSQUERY; break;
        case OP_TYPEUPTO:  *tempcode = OP_TYPEPOSUPTO; break;

        /* Because we are moving code along, we must ensure that any
        pending recursive references are updated. */

        default:
        *code = OP_END;
        adjust_recurse(tempcode, 1 + LINK_SIZE, utf, cd, save_hwm);
        memmove(tempcode + 1 + LINK_SIZE, tempcode, IN_UCHARS(len));
        code += 1 + LINK_SIZE;
        len += 1 + LINK_SIZE;
        tempcode[0] = OP_ONCE;
        *code++ = OP_KET;
        PUTINC(code, 0, len);
        PUT(tempcode, 1, len);
        break;
        }
      }

    /* In all case we no longer have a previous item. We also set the
    "follows varying string" flag for subsequently encountered reqchars if
    it isn't already set and we have just passed a varying length item. */

    END_REPEAT:
    previous = NULL;
    cd->req_varyopt |= reqvary;
    break;


    /* ===================================================================*/
    /* Start of nested parenthesized sub-expression, or comment or lookahead or
    lookbehind or option setting or condition or all the other extended
    parenthesis forms.  */

    case CHAR_LEFT_PARENTHESIS:
    newoptions = options;
    skipbytes = 0;
    bravalue = OP_CBRA;
    save_hwm = cd->hwm;
    reset_bracount = FALSE;

    /* First deal with various "verbs" that can be introduced by '*'. */

    ptr++;
    if (ptr[0] == CHAR_ASTERISK && (ptr[1] == ':'
         || (MAX_255(ptr[1]) && ((cd->ctypes[ptr[1]] & ctype_letter) != 0))))
      {
      int i, namelen;
      int arglen = 0;
      const char *vn = verbnames;
      const pcre_uchar *name = ptr + 1;
      const pcre_uchar *arg = NULL;
      previous = NULL;
      ptr++;
      while (MAX_255(*ptr) && (cd->ctypes[*ptr] & ctype_letter) != 0) ptr++;
      namelen = (int)(ptr - name);

      /* It appears that Perl allows any characters whatsoever, other than
      a closing parenthesis, to appear in arguments, so we no longer insist on
      letters, digits, and underscores. */

      if (*ptr == CHAR_COLON)
        {
        arg = ++ptr;
        while (*ptr != CHAR_NULL && *ptr != CHAR_RIGHT_PARENTHESIS) ptr++;
        arglen = (int)(ptr - arg);
        if ((unsigned int)arglen > MAX_MARK)
          {
          *errorcodeptr = ERR75;
          goto FAILED;
          }
        }

      if (*ptr != CHAR_RIGHT_PARENTHESIS)
        {
        *errorcodeptr = ERR60;
        goto FAILED;
        }

      /* Scan the table of verb names */

      for (i = 0; i < verbcount; i++)
        {
        if (namelen == verbs[i].len &&
            STRNCMP_UC_C8(name, vn, namelen) == 0)
          {
          int setverb;

          /* Check for open captures before ACCEPT and convert it to
          ASSERT_ACCEPT if in an assertion. */

          if (verbs[i].op == OP_ACCEPT)
            {
            open_capitem *oc;
            if (arglen != 0)
              {
              *errorcodeptr = ERR59;
              goto FAILED;
              }
            cd->had_accept = TRUE;
            for (oc = cd->open_caps; oc != NULL; oc = oc->next)
              {
              *code++ = OP_CLOSE;
              PUT2INC(code, 0, oc->number);
              }
            setverb = *code++ =
              (cd->assert_depth > 0)? OP_ASSERT_ACCEPT : OP_ACCEPT;

            /* Do not set firstchar after *ACCEPT */
            if (firstcharflags == REQ_UNSET) firstcharflags = REQ_NONE;
            }

          /* Handle other cases with/without an argument */

          else if (arglen == 0)
            {
            if (verbs[i].op < 0)   /* Argument is mandatory */
              {
              *errorcodeptr = ERR66;
              goto FAILED;
              }
            setverb = *code++ = verbs[i].op;
            }

          else
            {
            if (verbs[i].op_arg < 0)   /* Argument is forbidden */
              {
              *errorcodeptr = ERR59;
              goto FAILED;
              }
            setverb = *code++ = verbs[i].op_arg;
            *code++ = arglen;
            memcpy(code, arg, IN_UCHARS(arglen));
            code += arglen;
            *code++ = 0;
            }

          switch (setverb)
            {
            case OP_THEN:
            case OP_THEN_ARG:
            cd->external_flags |= PCRE_HASTHEN;
            break;

            case OP_PRUNE:
            case OP_PRUNE_ARG:
            case OP_SKIP:
            case OP_SKIP_ARG:
            cd->had_pruneorskip = TRUE;
            break;
            }

          break;  /* Found verb, exit loop */
          }

        vn += verbs[i].len + 1;
        }

      if (i < verbcount) continue;    /* Successfully handled a verb */
      *errorcodeptr = ERR60;          /* Verb not recognized */
      goto FAILED;
      }

    /* Deal with the extended parentheses; all are introduced by '?', and the
    appearance of any of them means that this is not a capturing group. */

    else if (*ptr == CHAR_QUESTION_MARK)
      {
      int i, set, unset, namelen;
      int *optset;
      const pcre_uchar *name;
      pcre_uchar *slot;

      switch (*(++ptr))
        {
        case CHAR_NUMBER_SIGN:                 /* Comment; skip to ket */
        ptr++;
        while (*ptr != CHAR_NULL && *ptr != CHAR_RIGHT_PARENTHESIS) ptr++;
        if (*ptr == CHAR_NULL)
          {
          *errorcodeptr = ERR18;
          goto FAILED;
          }
        continue;


        /* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
        case CHAR_VERTICAL_LINE:  /* Reset capture count for each branch */
        reset_bracount = TRUE;
        /* Fall through */

        /* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
        case CHAR_COLON:          /* Non-capturing bracket */
        bravalue = OP_BRA;
        ptr++;
        break;


        /* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
        case CHAR_LEFT_PARENTHESIS:
        bravalue = OP_COND;       /* Conditional group */
        tempptr = ptr;

        /* A condition can be an assertion, a number (referring to a numbered
        group), a name (referring to a named group), or 'R', referring to
        recursion. R<digits> and R&name are also permitted for recursion tests.

        There are several syntaxes for testing a named group: (?(name)) is used
        by Python; Perl 5.10 onwards uses (?(<name>) or (?('name')).

        There are two unfortunate ambiguities, caused by history. (a) 'R' can
        be the recursive thing or the name 'R' (and similarly for 'R' followed
        by digits), and (b) a number could be a name that consists of digits.
        In both cases, we look for a name first; if not found, we try the other
        cases.

        For compatibility with auto-callouts, we allow a callout to be
        specified before a condition that is an assertion. First, check for the
        syntax of a callout; if found, adjust the temporary pointer that is
        used to check for an assertion condition. That's all that is needed! */

        if (ptr[1] == CHAR_QUESTION_MARK && ptr[2] == CHAR_C)
          {
          for (i = 3;; i++) if (!IS_DIGIT(ptr[i])) break;
          if (ptr[i] == CHAR_RIGHT_PARENTHESIS)
            tempptr += i + 1;
          }

        /* For conditions that are assertions, check the syntax, and then exit
        the switch. This will take control down to where bracketed groups,
        including assertions, are processed. */

        if (tempptr[1] == CHAR_QUESTION_MARK &&
              (tempptr[2] == CHAR_EQUALS_SIGN ||
               tempptr[2] == CHAR_EXCLAMATION_MARK ||
               tempptr[2] == CHAR_LESS_THAN_SIGN))
          break;

        /* Most other conditions use OP_CREF (a couple change to OP_RREF
        below), and all need to skip 1+IMM2_SIZE bytes at the start of the group. */

        code[1+LINK_SIZE] = OP_CREF;
        skipbytes = 1+IMM2_SIZE;
        refsign = -1;

        /* Check for a test for recursion in a named group. */

        if (ptr[1] == CHAR_R && ptr[2] == CHAR_AMPERSAND)
          {
          terminator = -1;
          ptr += 2;
          code[1+LINK_SIZE] = OP_RREF;    /* Change the type of test */
          }

        /* Check for a test for a named group's having been set, using the Perl
        syntax (?(<name>) or (?('name') */

        else if (ptr[1] == CHAR_LESS_THAN_SIGN)
          {
          terminator = CHAR_GREATER_THAN_SIGN;
          ptr++;
          }
        else if (ptr[1] == CHAR_APOSTROPHE)
          {
          terminator = CHAR_APOSTROPHE;
          ptr++;
          }
        else
          {
          terminator = CHAR_NULL;
          if (ptr[1] == CHAR_MINUS || ptr[1] == CHAR_PLUS) refsign = *(++ptr);
          }

        /* We now expect to read a name; any thing else is an error */

        if (!MAX_255(ptr[1]) || (cd->ctypes[ptr[1]] & ctype_word) == 0)
          {
          ptr += 1;  /* To get the right offset */
          *errorcodeptr = ERR28;
          goto FAILED;
          }

        /* Read the name, but also get it as a number if it's all digits */

        recno = 0;
        name = ++ptr;
        while (MAX_255(*ptr) && (cd->ctypes[*ptr] & ctype_word) != 0)
          {
          if (recno >= 0)
            recno = (IS_DIGIT(*ptr))? recno * 10 + (int)(*ptr - CHAR_0) : -1;
          ptr++;
          }
        namelen = (int)(ptr - name);

        if ((terminator > 0 && *ptr++ != (pcre_uchar)terminator) ||
            *ptr++ != CHAR_RIGHT_PARENTHESIS)
          {
          ptr--;      /* Error offset */
          *errorcodeptr = ERR26;
          goto FAILED;
          }

        /* Do no further checking in the pre-compile phase. */

        if (lengthptr != NULL) break;

        /* In the real compile we do the work of looking for the actual
        reference. If the string started with "+" or "-" we require the rest to
        be digits, in which case recno will be set. */

        if (refsign > 0)
          {
          if (recno <= 0)
            {
            *errorcodeptr = ERR58;
            goto FAILED;
            }
          recno = (refsign == CHAR_MINUS)?
            cd->bracount - recno + 1 : recno +cd->bracount;
          if (recno <= 0 || recno > cd->final_bracount)
            {
            *errorcodeptr = ERR15;
            goto FAILED;
            }
          PUT2(code, 2+LINK_SIZE, recno);
          break;
          }

        /* Otherwise (did not start with "+" or "-"), start by looking for the
        name. If we find a name, add one to the opcode to change OP_CREF or
        OP_RREF into OP_NCREF or OP_NRREF. These behave exactly the same,
        except they record that the reference was originally to a name. The
        information is used to check duplicate names. */

        slot = cd->name_table;
        for (i = 0; i < cd->names_found; i++)
          {
          if (STRNCMP_UC_UC(name, slot+IMM2_SIZE, namelen) == 0) break;
          slot += cd->name_entry_size;
          }

        /* Found a previous named subpattern */

        if (i < cd->names_found)
          {
          recno = GET2(slot, 0);
          PUT2(code, 2+LINK_SIZE, recno);
          code[1+LINK_SIZE]++;
          }

        /* Search the pattern for a forward reference */

        else if ((i = find_parens(cd, name, namelen,
                        (options & PCRE_EXTENDED) != 0, utf)) > 0)
          {
          PUT2(code, 2+LINK_SIZE, i);
          code[1+LINK_SIZE]++;
          }

        /* If terminator == CHAR_NULL it means that the name followed directly
        after the opening parenthesis [e.g. (?(abc)...] and in this case there
        are some further alternatives to try. For the cases where terminator !=
        0 [things like (?(<name>... or (?('name')... or (?(R&name)... ] we have
        now checked all the possibilities, so give an error. */

        else if (terminator != CHAR_NULL)
          {
          *errorcodeptr = ERR15;
          goto FAILED;
          }

        /* Check for (?(R) for recursion. Allow digits after R to specify a
        specific group number. */

        else if (*name == CHAR_R)
          {
          recno = 0;
          for (i = 1; i < namelen; i++)
            {
            if (!IS_DIGIT(name[i]))
              {
              *errorcodeptr = ERR15;
              goto FAILED;
              }
            recno = recno * 10 + name[i] - CHAR_0;
            }
          if (recno == 0) recno = RREF_ANY;
          code[1+LINK_SIZE] = OP_RREF;      /* Change test type */
          PUT2(code, 2+LINK_SIZE, recno);
          }

        /* Similarly, check for the (?(DEFINE) "condition", which is always
        false. */

        else if (namelen == 6 && STRNCMP_UC_C8(name, STRING_DEFINE, 6) == 0)
          {
          code[1+LINK_SIZE] = OP_DEF;
          skipbytes = 1;
          }

        /* Check for the "name" actually being a subpattern number. We are
        in the second pass here, so final_bracount is set. */

        else if (recno > 0 && recno <= cd->final_bracount)
          {
          PUT2(code, 2+LINK_SIZE, recno);
          }

        /* Either an unidentified subpattern, or a reference to (?(0) */

        else
          {
          *errorcodeptr = (recno == 0)? ERR35: ERR15;
          goto FAILED;
          }
        break;


        /* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
        case CHAR_EQUALS_SIGN:                 /* Positive lookahead */
        bravalue = OP_ASSERT;
        cd->assert_depth += 1;
        ptr++;
        break;


        /* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
        case CHAR_EXCLAMATION_MARK:            /* Negative lookahead */
        ptr++;
        if (*ptr == CHAR_RIGHT_PARENTHESIS)    /* Optimize (?!) */
          {
          *code++ = OP_FAIL;
          previous = NULL;
          continue;
          }
        bravalue = OP_ASSERT_NOT;
        cd->assert_depth += 1;
        break;


        /* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
        case CHAR_LESS_THAN_SIGN:              /* Lookbehind or named define */
        switch (ptr[1])
          {
          case CHAR_EQUALS_SIGN:               /* Positive lookbehind */
          bravalue = OP_ASSERTBACK;
          cd->assert_depth += 1;
          ptr += 2;
          break;

          case CHAR_EXCLAMATION_MARK:          /* Negative lookbehind */
          bravalue = OP_ASSERTBACK_NOT;
          cd->assert_depth += 1;
          ptr += 2;
          break;

          default:                /* Could be name define, else bad */
          if (MAX_255(ptr[1]) && (cd->ctypes[ptr[1]] & ctype_word) != 0)
            goto DEFINE_NAME;
          ptr++;                  /* Correct offset for error */
          *errorcodeptr = ERR24;
          goto FAILED;
          }
        break;


        /* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
        case CHAR_GREATER_THAN_SIGN:           /* One-time brackets */
        bravalue = OP_ONCE;
        ptr++;
        break;


        /* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
        case CHAR_C:                 /* Callout - may be followed by digits; */
        previous_callout = code;     /* Save for later completion */
        after_manual_callout = 1;    /* Skip one item before completing */
        *code++ = OP_CALLOUT;
          {
          int n = 0;
          ptr++;
          while(IS_DIGIT(*ptr))
            n = n * 10 + *ptr++ - CHAR_0;
          if (*ptr != CHAR_RIGHT_PARENTHESIS)
            {
            *errorcodeptr = ERR39;
            goto FAILED;
            }
          if (n > 255)
            {
            *errorcodeptr = ERR38;
            goto FAILED;
            }
          *code++ = n;
          PUT(code, 0, (int)(ptr - cd->start_pattern + 1)); /* Pattern offset */
          PUT(code, LINK_SIZE, 0);                          /* Default length */
          code += 2 * LINK_SIZE;
          }
        previous = NULL;
        continue;


        /* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
        case CHAR_P:              /* Python-style named subpattern handling */
        if (*(++ptr) == CHAR_EQUALS_SIGN ||
            *ptr == CHAR_GREATER_THAN_SIGN)  /* Reference or recursion */
          {
          is_recurse = *ptr == CHAR_GREATER_THAN_SIGN;
          terminator = CHAR_RIGHT_PARENTHESIS;
          goto NAMED_REF_OR_RECURSE;
          }
        else if (*ptr != CHAR_LESS_THAN_SIGN)  /* Test for Python-style defn */
          {
          *errorcodeptr = ERR41;
          goto FAILED;
          }
        /* Fall through to handle (?P< as (?< is handled */


        /* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
        DEFINE_NAME:    /* Come here from (?< handling */
        case CHAR_APOSTROPHE:
          {
          terminator = (*ptr == CHAR_LESS_THAN_SIGN)?
            CHAR_GREATER_THAN_SIGN : CHAR_APOSTROPHE;
          name = ++ptr;

          while (MAX_255(*ptr) && (cd->ctypes[*ptr] & ctype_word) != 0) ptr++;
          namelen = (int)(ptr - name);

          /* In the pre-compile phase, just do a syntax check. */

          if (lengthptr != NULL)
            {
            if (*ptr != (pcre_uchar)terminator)
              {
              *errorcodeptr = ERR42;
              goto FAILED;
              }
            if (cd->names_found >= MAX_NAME_COUNT)
              {
              *errorcodeptr = ERR49;
              goto FAILED;
              }
            if (namelen + IMM2_SIZE + 1 > cd->name_entry_size)
              {
              cd->name_entry_size = namelen + IMM2_SIZE + 1;
              if (namelen > MAX_NAME_SIZE)
                {
                *errorcodeptr = ERR48;
                goto FAILED;
                }
              }
            }

          /* In the real compile, create the entry in the table, maintaining
          alphabetical order. Duplicate names for different numbers are
          permitted only if PCRE_DUPNAMES is set. Duplicate names for the same
          number are always OK. (An existing number can be re-used if (?|
          appears in the pattern.) In either event, a duplicate name results in
          a duplicate entry in the table, even if the number is the same. This
          is because the number of names, and hence the table size, is computed
          in the pre-compile, and it affects various numbers and pointers which
          would all have to be modified, and the compiled code moved down, if
          duplicates with the same number were omitted from the table. This
          doesn't seem worth the hassle. However, *different* names for the
          same number are not permitted. */

          else
            {
            BOOL dupname = FALSE;
            slot = cd->name_table;

            for (i = 0; i < cd->names_found; i++)
              {
              int crc = memcmp(name, slot+IMM2_SIZE, IN_UCHARS(namelen));
              if (crc == 0)
                {
                if (slot[IMM2_SIZE+namelen] == 0)
                  {
                  if (GET2(slot, 0) != cd->bracount + 1 &&
                      (options & PCRE_DUPNAMES) == 0)
                    {
                    *errorcodeptr = ERR43;
                    goto FAILED;
                    }
                  else dupname = TRUE;
                  }
                else crc = -1;      /* Current name is a substring */
                }

              /* Make space in the table and break the loop for an earlier
              name. For a duplicate or later name, carry on. We do this for
              duplicates so that in the simple case (when ?(| is not used) they
              are in order of their numbers. */

              if (crc < 0)
                {
                memmove(slot + cd->name_entry_size, slot,
                  IN_UCHARS((cd->names_found - i) * cd->name_entry_size));
                break;
                }

              /* Continue the loop for a later or duplicate name */

              slot += cd->name_entry_size;
              }

            /* For non-duplicate names, check for a duplicate number before
            adding the new name. */

            if (!dupname)
              {
              pcre_uchar *cslot = cd->name_table;
              for (i = 0; i < cd->names_found; i++)
                {
                if (cslot != slot)
                  {
                  if (GET2(cslot, 0) == cd->bracount + 1)
                    {
                    *errorcodeptr = ERR65;
                    goto FAILED;
                    }
                  }
                else i--;
                cslot += cd->name_entry_size;
                }
              }

            PUT2(slot, 0, cd->bracount + 1);
            memcpy(slot + IMM2_SIZE, name, IN_UCHARS(namelen));
            slot[IMM2_SIZE + namelen] = 0;
            }
          }

        /* In both pre-compile and compile, count the number of names we've
        encountered. */

        cd->names_found++;
        ptr++;                    /* Move past > or ' */
        goto NUMBERED_GROUP;


        /* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
        case CHAR_AMPERSAND:            /* Perl recursion/subroutine syntax */
        terminator = CHAR_RIGHT_PARENTHESIS;
        is_recurse = TRUE;
        /* Fall through */

        /* We come here from the Python syntax above that handles both
        references (?P=name) and recursion (?P>name), as well as falling
        through from the Perl recursion syntax (?&name). We also come here from
        the Perl \k<name> or \k'name' back reference syntax and the \k{name}
        .NET syntax, and the Oniguruma \g<...> and \g'...' subroutine syntax. */

        NAMED_REF_OR_RECURSE:
        name = ++ptr;
        while (MAX_255(*ptr) && (cd->ctypes[*ptr] & ctype_word) != 0) ptr++;
        namelen = (int)(ptr - name);

        /* In the pre-compile phase, do a syntax check. We used to just set
        a dummy reference number, because it was not used in the first pass.
        However, with the change of recursive back references to be atomic,
        we have to look for the number so that this state can be identified, as
        otherwise the incorrect length is computed. If it's not a backwards
        reference, the dummy number will do. */

        if (lengthptr != NULL)
          {
          const pcre_uchar *temp;

          if (namelen == 0)
            {
            *errorcodeptr = ERR62;
            goto FAILED;
            }
          if (*ptr != (pcre_uchar)terminator)
            {
            *errorcodeptr = ERR42;
            goto FAILED;
            }
          if (namelen > MAX_NAME_SIZE)
            {
            *errorcodeptr = ERR48;
            goto FAILED;
            }

          /* The name table does not exist in the first pass, so we cannot
          do a simple search as in the code below. Instead, we have to scan the
          pattern to find the number. It is important that we scan it only as
          far as we have got because the syntax of named subpatterns has not
          been checked for the rest of the pattern, and find_parens() assumes
          correct syntax. In any case, it's a waste of resources to scan
          further. We stop the scan at the current point by temporarily
          adjusting the value of cd->endpattern. */

          temp = cd->end_pattern;
          cd->end_pattern = ptr;
          recno = find_parens(cd, name, namelen,
            (options & PCRE_EXTENDED) != 0, utf);
          cd->end_pattern = temp;
          if (recno < 0) recno = 0;    /* Forward ref; set dummy number */
          }

        /* In the real compile, seek the name in the table. We check the name
        first, and then check that we have reached the end of the name in the
        table. That way, if the name that is longer than any in the table,
        the comparison will fail without reading beyond the table entry. */

        else
          {
          slot = cd->name_table;
          for (i = 0; i < cd->names_found; i++)
            {
            if (STRNCMP_UC_UC(name, slot+IMM2_SIZE, namelen) == 0 &&
                slot[IMM2_SIZE+namelen] == 0)
              break;
            slot += cd->name_entry_size;
            }

          if (i < cd->names_found)         /* Back reference */
            {
            recno = GET2(slot, 0);
            }
          else if ((recno =                /* Forward back reference */
                    find_parens(cd, name, namelen,
                      (options & PCRE_EXTENDED) != 0, utf)) <= 0)
            {
            *errorcodeptr = ERR15;
            goto FAILED;
            }
          }

        /* In both phases, we can now go to the code than handles numerical
        recursion or backreferences. */

        if (is_recurse) goto HANDLE_RECURSION;
          else goto HANDLE_REFERENCE;


        /* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
        case CHAR_R:              /* Recursion */
        ptr++;                    /* Same as (?0)      */
        /* Fall through */


        /* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
        case CHAR_MINUS: case CHAR_PLUS:  /* Recursion or subroutine */
        case CHAR_0: case CHAR_1: case CHAR_2: case CHAR_3: case CHAR_4:
        case CHAR_5: case CHAR_6: case CHAR_7: case CHAR_8: case CHAR_9:
          {
          const pcre_uchar *called;
          terminator = CHAR_RIGHT_PARENTHESIS;

          /* Come here from the \g<...> and \g'...' code (Oniguruma
          compatibility). However, the syntax has been checked to ensure that
          the ... are a (signed) number, so that neither ERR63 nor ERR29 will
          be called on this path, nor with the jump to OTHER_CHAR_AFTER_QUERY
          ever be taken. */

          HANDLE_NUMERICAL_RECURSION:

          if ((refsign = *ptr) == CHAR_PLUS)
            {
            ptr++;
            if (!IS_DIGIT(*ptr))
              {
              *errorcodeptr = ERR63;
              goto FAILED;
              }
            }
          else if (refsign == CHAR_MINUS)
            {
            if (!IS_DIGIT(ptr[1]))
              goto OTHER_CHAR_AFTER_QUERY;
            ptr++;
            }

          recno = 0;
          while(IS_DIGIT(*ptr))
            recno = recno * 10 + *ptr++ - CHAR_0;

          if (*ptr != (pcre_uchar)terminator)
            {
            *errorcodeptr = ERR29;
            goto FAILED;
            }

          if (refsign == CHAR_MINUS)
            {
            if (recno == 0)
              {
              *errorcodeptr = ERR58;
              goto FAILED;
              }
            recno = cd->bracount - recno + 1;
            if (recno <= 0)
              {
              *errorcodeptr = ERR15;
              goto FAILED;
              }
            }
          else if (refsign == CHAR_PLUS)
            {
            if (recno == 0)
              {
              *errorcodeptr = ERR58;
              goto FAILED;
              }
            recno += cd->bracount;
            }

          /* Come here from code above that handles a named recursion */

          HANDLE_RECURSION:

          previous = code;
          called = cd->start_code;

          /* When we are actually compiling, find the bracket that is being
          referenced. Temporarily end the regex in case it doesn't exist before
          this point. If we end up with a forward reference, first check that
          the bracket does occur later so we can give the error (and position)
          now. Then remember this forward reference in the workspace so it can
          be filled in at the end. */

          if (lengthptr == NULL)
            {
            *code = OP_END;
            if (recno != 0)
              called = PRIV(find_bracket)(cd->start_code, utf, recno);

            /* Forward reference */

            if (called == NULL)
              {
              if (find_parens(cd, NULL, recno,
                    (options & PCRE_EXTENDED) != 0, utf) < 0)
                {
                *errorcodeptr = ERR15;
                goto FAILED;
                }

              /* Fudge the value of "called" so that when it is inserted as an
              offset below, what it actually inserted is the reference number
              of the group. Then remember the forward reference. */

              called = cd->start_code + recno;
              if (cd->hwm >= cd->start_workspace + cd->workspace_size -
                  WORK_SIZE_SAFETY_MARGIN)
                {
                *errorcodeptr = expand_workspace(cd);
                if (*errorcodeptr != 0) goto FAILED;
                }
              PUTINC(cd->hwm, 0, (int)(code + 1 - cd->start_code));
              }

            /* If not a forward reference, and the subpattern is still open,
            this is a recursive call. We check to see if this is a left
            recursion that could loop for ever, and diagnose that case. We
            must not, however, do this check if we are in a conditional
            subpattern because the condition might be testing for recursion in
            a pattern such as /(?(R)a+|(?R)b)/, which is perfectly valid.
            Forever loops are also detected at runtime, so those that occur in
            conditional subpatterns will be picked up then. */

            else if (GET(called, 1) == 0 && cond_depth <= 0 &&
                     could_be_empty(called, code, bcptr, utf, cd))
              {
              *errorcodeptr = ERR40;
              goto FAILED;
              }
            }

          /* Insert the recursion/subroutine item. It does not have a set first
          character (relevant if it is repeated, because it will then be
          wrapped with ONCE brackets). */

          *code = OP_RECURSE;
          PUT(code, 1, (int)(called - cd->start_code));
          code += 1 + LINK_SIZE;
          groupsetfirstchar = FALSE;
          }

        /* Can't determine a first byte now */

        if (firstcharflags == REQ_UNSET) firstcharflags = REQ_NONE;
        continue;


        /* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
        default:              /* Other characters: check option setting */
        OTHER_CHAR_AFTER_QUERY:
        set = unset = 0;
        optset = &set;

        while (*ptr != CHAR_RIGHT_PARENTHESIS && *ptr != CHAR_COLON)
          {
          switch (*ptr++)
            {
            case CHAR_MINUS: optset = &unset; break;

            case CHAR_J:    /* Record that it changed in the external options */
            *optset |= PCRE_DUPNAMES;
            cd->external_flags |= PCRE_JCHANGED;
            break;

            case CHAR_i: *optset |= PCRE_CASELESS; break;
            case CHAR_m: *optset |= PCRE_MULTILINE; break;
            case CHAR_s: *optset |= PCRE_DOTALL; break;
            case CHAR_x: *optset |= PCRE_EXTENDED; break;
            case CHAR_U: *optset |= PCRE_UNGREEDY; break;
            case CHAR_X: *optset |= PCRE_EXTRA; break;

            default:  *errorcodeptr = ERR12;
                      ptr--;    /* Correct the offset */
                      goto FAILED;
            }
          }

        /* Set up the changed option bits, but don't change anything yet. */

        newoptions = (options | set) & (~unset);

        /* If the options ended with ')' this is not the start of a nested
        group with option changes, so the options change at this level. If this
        item is right at the start of the pattern, the options can be
        abstracted and made external in the pre-compile phase, and ignored in
        the compile phase. This can be helpful when matching -- for instance in
        caseless checking of required bytes.

        If the code pointer is not (cd->start_code + 1 + LINK_SIZE), we are
        definitely *not* at the start of the pattern because something has been
        compiled. In the pre-compile phase, however, the code pointer can have
        that value after the start, because it gets reset as code is discarded
        during the pre-compile. However, this can happen only at top level - if
        we are within parentheses, the starting BRA will still be present. At
        any parenthesis level, the length value can be used to test if anything
        has been compiled at that level. Thus, a test for both these conditions
        is necessary to ensure we correctly detect the start of the pattern in
        both phases.

        If we are not at the pattern start, reset the greedy defaults and the
        case value for firstchar and reqchar. */

        if (*ptr == CHAR_RIGHT_PARENTHESIS)
          {
          if (code == cd->start_code + 1 + LINK_SIZE &&
               (lengthptr == NULL || *lengthptr == 2 + 2*LINK_SIZE))
            {
            cd->external_options = newoptions;
            }
          else
            {
            greedy_default = ((newoptions & PCRE_UNGREEDY) != 0);
            greedy_non_default = greedy_default ^ 1;
            req_caseopt = ((newoptions & PCRE_CASELESS) != 0)? REQ_CASELESS:0;
            }

          /* Change options at this level, and pass them back for use
          in subsequent branches. */

          *optionsptr = options = newoptions;
          previous = NULL;       /* This item can't be repeated */
          continue;              /* It is complete */
          }

        /* If the options ended with ':' we are heading into a nested group
        with possible change of options. Such groups are non-capturing and are
        not assertions of any kind. All we need to do is skip over the ':';
        the newoptions value is handled below. */

        bravalue = OP_BRA;
        ptr++;
        }     /* End of switch for character following (? */
      }       /* End of (? handling */

    /* Opening parenthesis not followed by '*' or '?'. If PCRE_NO_AUTO_CAPTURE
    is set, all unadorned brackets become non-capturing and behave like (?:...)
    brackets. */

    else if ((options & PCRE_NO_AUTO_CAPTURE) != 0)
      {
      bravalue = OP_BRA;
      }

    /* Else we have a capturing group. */

    else
      {
      NUMBERED_GROUP:
      cd->bracount += 1;
      PUT2(code, 1+LINK_SIZE, cd->bracount);
      skipbytes = IMM2_SIZE;
      }

    /* Process nested bracketed regex. Assertions used not to be repeatable,
    but this was changed for Perl compatibility, so all kinds can now be
    repeated. We copy code into a non-register variable (tempcode) in order to
    be able to pass its address because some compilers complain otherwise. */

    previous = code;                      /* For handling repetition */
    *code = bravalue;
    tempcode = code;
    tempreqvary = cd->req_varyopt;        /* Save value before bracket */
    tempbracount = cd->bracount;          /* Save value before bracket */
    length_prevgroup = 0;                 /* Initialize for pre-compile phase */

    if (!compile_regex(
         newoptions,                      /* The complete new option state */
         &tempcode,                       /* Where to put code (updated) */
         &ptr,                            /* Input pointer (updated) */
         errorcodeptr,                    /* Where to put an error message */
         (bravalue == OP_ASSERTBACK ||
          bravalue == OP_ASSERTBACK_NOT), /* TRUE if back assert */
         reset_bracount,                  /* True if (?| group */
         skipbytes,                       /* Skip over bracket number */
         cond_depth +
           ((bravalue == OP_COND)?1:0),   /* Depth of condition subpatterns */
         &subfirstchar,                   /* For possible first char */
         &subfirstcharflags,
         &subreqchar,                     /* For possible last char */
         &subreqcharflags,
         bcptr,                           /* Current branch chain */
         cd,                              /* Tables block */
         (lengthptr == NULL)? NULL :      /* Actual compile phase */
           &length_prevgroup              /* Pre-compile phase */
         ))
      goto FAILED;

    /* If this was an atomic group and there are no capturing groups within it,
    generate OP_ONCE_NC instead of OP_ONCE. */

    if (bravalue == OP_ONCE && cd->bracount <= tempbracount)
      *code = OP_ONCE_NC;

    if (bravalue >= OP_ASSERT && bravalue <= OP_ASSERTBACK_NOT)
      cd->assert_depth -= 1;

    /* At the end of compiling, code is still pointing to the start of the
    group, while tempcode has been updated to point past the end of the group.
    The pattern pointer (ptr) is on the bracket.

    If this is a conditional bracket, check that there are no more than
    two branches in the group, or just one if it's a DEFINE group. We do this
    in the real compile phase, not in the pre-pass, where the whole group may
    not be available. */

    if (bravalue == OP_COND && lengthptr == NULL)
      {
      pcre_uchar *tc = code;
      int condcount = 0;

      do {
         condcount++;
         tc += GET(tc,1);
         }
      while (*tc != OP_KET);

      /* A DEFINE group is never obeyed inline (the "condition" is always
      false). It must have only one branch. */

      if (code[LINK_SIZE+1] == OP_DEF)
        {
        if (condcount > 1)
          {
          *errorcodeptr = ERR54;
          goto FAILED;
          }
        bravalue = OP_DEF;   /* Just a flag to suppress char handling below */
        }

      /* A "normal" conditional group. If there is just one branch, we must not
      make use of its firstchar or reqchar, because this is equivalent to an
      empty second branch. */

      else
        {
        if (condcount > 2)
          {
          *errorcodeptr = ERR27;
          goto FAILED;
          }
        if (condcount == 1) subfirstcharflags = subreqcharflags = REQ_NONE;
        }
      }

    /* Error if hit end of pattern */

    if (*ptr != CHAR_RIGHT_PARENTHESIS)
      {
      *errorcodeptr = ERR14;
      goto FAILED;
      }

    /* In the pre-compile phase, update the length by the length of the group,
    less the brackets at either end. Then reduce the compiled code to just a
    set of non-capturing brackets so that it doesn't use much memory if it is
    duplicated by a quantifier.*/

    if (lengthptr != NULL)
      {
      if (OFLOW_MAX - *lengthptr < length_prevgroup - 2 - 2*LINK_SIZE)
        {
        *errorcodeptr = ERR20;
        goto FAILED;
        }
      *lengthptr += length_prevgroup - 2 - 2*LINK_SIZE;
      code++;   /* This already contains bravalue */
      PUTINC(code, 0, 1 + LINK_SIZE);
      *code++ = OP_KET;
      PUTINC(code, 0, 1 + LINK_SIZE);
      break;    /* No need to waste time with special character handling */
      }

    /* Otherwise update the main code pointer to the end of the group. */

    code = tempcode;

    /* For a DEFINE group, required and first character settings are not
    relevant. */