/[pcre]/code/trunk/doc/pcrepattern.3

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-revision 259 by ph10,
Wed Sep 19 09:52:44 2007 UTC
+revision 551 by ph10,
Sun Oct 10 17:33:07 2010 UTC
 Line 9 
 are described in detail below. There is
  .\" HREF
  \fBpcresyntax\fP
  .\"
- page. Perl's regular expressions are described in its own documentation, and
+ page. PCRE tries to match Perl syntax and semantics as closely as it can. PCRE
+ also supports some alternative regular expression syntax (which does not
+ conflict with the Perl syntax) in order to provide some compatibility with
+ regular expressions in Python, .NET, and Oniguruma.
+ .P
+ Perl's regular expressions are described in its own documentation, and
  regular expressions in general are covered in a number of books, some of which
  have copious examples. Jeffrey Friedl's "Mastering Regular Expressions",
  published by O'Reilly, covers regular expressions in great detail. This
  description of PCRE's regular expressions is intended as reference material.
  .P
  The original operation of PCRE was on strings of one-byte characters. However,
- there is now also support for UTF-8 character strings. To use this, you must
+ there is now also support for UTF-8 character strings. To use this,
- build PCRE to include UTF-8 support, and then call \fBpcre_compile()\fP with
+ PCRE must be built to include UTF-8 support, and you must call
- the PCRE_UTF8 option. How this affects pattern matching is mentioned in several
+ \fBpcre_compile()\fP or \fBpcre_compile2()\fP with the PCRE_UTF8 option. There
- places below. There is also a summary of UTF-8 features in the
+ is also a special sequence that can be given at the start of a pattern:
+ .sp
+   (*UTF8)
+ .sp
+ Starting a pattern with this sequence is equivalent to setting the PCRE_UTF8
+ option. This feature is not Perl-compatible. How setting UTF-8 mode affects
+ pattern matching is mentioned in several places below. There is also a summary
+ of UTF-8 features in the
  .\" HTML <a href="pcre.html#utf8support">
  .\" </a>
  section on UTF-8 support
-Line 30 
 in the main
+Line 42 
 in the main
  .\"
  page.
  .P
+ Another special sequence that may appear at the start of a pattern or in
+ combination with (*UTF8) is:
+ .sp
+   (*UCP)
+ .sp
+ This has the same effect as setting the PCRE_UCP option: it causes sequences
+ such as \ed and \ew to use Unicode properties to determine character types,
+ instead of recognizing only characters with codes less than 128 via a lookup
+ table.
+ .P
  The remainder of this document discusses the patterns that are supported by
  PCRE when its main matching function, \fBpcre_exec()\fP, is used.
  From release 6.0, PCRE offers a second matching function,
-Line 71 
 string with one of the following five se
+Line 93 
 string with one of the following five se
    (*ANYCRLF)   any of the three above
    (*ANY)       all Unicode newline sequences
  .sp
- These override the default and the options given to \fBpcre_compile()\fP. For
+ These override the default and the options given to \fBpcre_compile()\fP or
- example, on a Unix system where LF is the default newline sequence, the pattern
+ \fBpcre_compile2()\fP. For example, on a Unix system where LF is the default
+ newline sequence, the pattern
  .sp
    (*CR)a.b
  .sp
-Line 82 
 Perl-compatible, are recognized only at
+Line 105 
 Perl-compatible, are recognized only at
  they must be in upper case. If more than one of them is present, the last one
  is used.
  .P
- The newline convention does not affect what the \eR escape sequence matches. By
+ The newline convention affects the interpretation of the dot metacharacter when
- default, this is any Unicode newline sequence, for Perl compatibility. However,
+ PCRE_DOTALL is not set, and also the behaviour of \eN. However, it does not
- this can be changed; see the description of \eR in the section entitled
+ affect what the \eR escape sequence matches. By default, this is any Unicode
+ newline sequence, for Perl compatibility. However, this can be changed; see the
+ description of \eR in the section entitled
  .\" HTML <a href="#newlineseq">
  .\" </a>
  "Newline sequences"
-Line 194 
 The \eQ...\eE sequence is recognized bot
+Line 219 
 The \eQ...\eE sequence is recognized bot
  A second use of backslash provides a way of encoding non-printing characters
  in patterns in a visible manner. There is no restriction on the appearance of
  non-printing characters, apart from the binary zero that terminates a pattern,
- but when a pattern is being prepared by text editing, it is usually easier to
+ but when a pattern is being prepared by text editing, it is often easier to use
- use one of the following escape sequences than the binary character it
+ one of the following escape sequences than the binary character it represents:
- represents:
  .sp
    \ea        alarm, that is, the BEL character (hex 07)
    \ecx       "control-x", where x is any character
-Line 205 
 represents:
+Line 229 
 represents:
    \en        linefeed (hex 0A)
    \er        carriage return (hex 0D)
    \et        tab (hex 09)
-   \eddd      character with octal code ddd, or backreference
+   \eddd      character with octal code ddd, or back reference
    \exhh      character with hex code hh
    \ex{hhh..} character with hex code hhh..
  .sp
-Line 283 
 zero, because no more than three octal d
+Line 307 
 zero, because no more than three octal d
  .P
  All the sequences that define a single character value can be used both inside
  and outside character classes. In addition, inside a character class, the
- sequence \eb is interpreted as the backspace character (hex 08), and the
+ sequence \eb is interpreted as the backspace character (hex 08). The sequences
- sequences \eR and \eX are interpreted as the characters "R" and "X",
+ \eB, \eN, \eR, and \eX are not special inside a character class. Like any other
- respectively. Outside a character class, these sequences have different
+ unrecognized escape sequences, they are treated as the literal characters "B",
- meanings
+ "N", "R", and "X" by default, but cause an error if the PCRE_EXTRA option is
- .\" HTML <a href="#uniextseq">
+ set. Outside a character class, these sequences have different meanings.
- .\" </a>
- (see below).
- .\"
  .
  .
  .SS "Absolute and relative back references"
-Line 310 
 parenthesized subpatterns.
+Line 331 
 parenthesized subpatterns.
  .\"
  .
  .
+ .SS "Absolute and relative subroutine calls"
+ .rs
+ .sp
+ For compatibility with Oniguruma, the non-Perl syntax \eg followed by a name or
+ a number enclosed either in angle brackets or single quotes, is an alternative
+ syntax for referencing a subpattern as a "subroutine". Details are discussed
+ .\" HTML <a href="#onigurumasubroutines">
+ .\" </a>
+ later.
+ .\"
+ Note that \eg{...} (Perl syntax) and \eg<...> (Oniguruma syntax) are \fInot\fP
+ synonymous. The former is a back reference; the latter is a
+ .\" HTML <a href="#subpatternsassubroutines">
+ .\" </a>
+ subroutine
+ .\"
+ call.
+ .
+ .
+ .\" HTML <a name="genericchartypes"></a>
  .SS "Generic character types"
  .rs
  .sp
- Another use of backslash is for specifying generic character types. The
+ Another use of backslash is for specifying generic character types:
- following are always recognized:
  .sp
    \ed     any decimal digit
    \eD     any character that is not a decimal digit
-Line 327 
 following are always recognized:
+Line 367 
 following are always recognized:
    \ew     any "word" character
    \eW     any "non-word" character
  .sp
- Each pair of escape sequences partitions the complete set of characters into
+ There is also the single sequence \eN, which matches a non-newline character.
- two disjoint sets. Any given character matches one, and only one, of each pair.
+ This is the same as
+ .\" HTML <a href="#fullstopdot">
+ .\" </a>
+ the "." metacharacter
+ .\"
+ when PCRE_DOTALL is not set.
  .P
- These character type sequences can appear both inside and outside character
+ Each pair of lower and upper case escape sequences partitions the complete set
+ of characters into two disjoint sets. Any given character matches one, and only
+ one, of each pair. The sequences can appear both inside and outside character
  classes. They each match one character of the appropriate type. If the current
- matching point is at the end of the subject string, all of them fail, since
+ matching point is at the end of the subject string, all of them fail, because
  there is no character to match.
  .P
  For compatibility with Perl, \es does not match the VT character (code 11).
-Line 341 
 are HT (9), LF (10), FF (12), CR (13), a
+Line 388 
 are HT (9), LF (10), FF (12), CR (13), a
  included in a Perl script, \es may match the VT character. In PCRE, it never
  does.
  .P
- In UTF-8 mode, characters with values greater than 128 never match \ed, \es, or
+ A "word" character is an underscore or any character that is a letter or digit.
- \ew, and always match \eD, \eS, and \eW. This is true even when Unicode
+ By default, the definition of letters and digits is controlled by PCRE's
- character property support is available. These sequences retain their original
+ low-valued character tables, and may vary if locale-specific matching is taking
- meanings from before UTF-8 support was available, mainly for efficiency
+ place (see
- reasons.
+ .\" HTML <a href="pcreapi.html#localesupport">
+ .\" </a>
+ "Locale support"
+ .\"
+ in the
+ .\" HREF
+ \fBpcreapi\fP
+ .\"
+ page). For example, in a French locale such as "fr_FR" in Unix-like systems,
+ or "french" in Windows, some character codes greater than 128 are used for
+ accented letters, and these are then matched by \ew. The use of locales with
+ Unicode is discouraged.
+ .P
+ By default, in UTF-8 mode, characters with values greater than 128 never match
+ \ed, \es, or \ew, and always match \eD, \eS, and \eW. These sequences retain
+ their original meanings from before UTF-8 support was available, mainly for
+ efficiency reasons. However, if PCRE is compiled with Unicode property support,
+ and the PCRE_UCP option is set, the behaviour is changed so that Unicode
+ properties are used to determine character types, as follows:
+ .sp
+   \ed  any character that \ep{Nd} matches (decimal digit)
+   \es  any character that \ep{Z} matches, plus HT, LF, FF, CR
+   \ew  any character that \ep{L} or \ep{N} matches, plus underscore
+ .sp
+ The upper case escapes match the inverse sets of characters. Note that \ed
+ matches only decimal digits, whereas \ew matches any Unicode digit, as well as
+ any Unicode letter, and underscore. Note also that PCRE_UCP affects \eb, and
+ \eB because they are defined in terms of \ew and \eW. Matching these sequences
+ is noticeably slower when PCRE_UCP is set.
  .P
  The sequences \eh, \eH, \ev, and \eV are Perl 5.10 features. In contrast to the
- other sequences, these do match certain high-valued codepoints in UTF-8 mode.
+ other sequences, which match only ASCII characters by default, these always
- The horizontal space characters are:
+ match certain high-valued codepoints in UTF-8 mode, whether or not PCRE_UCP is
+ set. The horizontal space characters are:
  .sp
    U+0009     Horizontal tab
    U+0020     Space
-Line 380 
 The vertical space characters are:
+Line 456 
 The vertical space characters are:
    U+0085     Next line
    U+2028     Line separator
    U+2029     Paragraph separator
- .P
- A "word" character is an underscore or any character less than 256 that is a
- letter or digit. The definition of letters and digits is controlled by PCRE's
- low-valued character tables, and may vary if locale-specific matching is taking
- place (see
- .\" HTML <a href="pcreapi.html#localesupport">
- .\" </a>
- "Locale support"
- .\"
- in the
- .\" HREF
- \fBpcreapi\fP
- .\"
- page). For example, in a French locale such as "fr_FR" in Unix-like systems,
- or "french" in Windows, some character codes greater than 128 are used for
- accented letters, and these are matched by \ew. The use of locales with Unicode
- is discouraged.
  .
  .
  .\" HTML <a name="newlineseq"></a>
-Line 436 
 one of the following sequences:
+Line 495 
 one of the following sequences:
    (*BSR_ANYCRLF)   CR, LF, or CRLF only
    (*BSR_UNICODE)   any Unicode newline sequence
  .sp
- These override the default and the options given to \fBpcre_compile()\fP, but
+ These override the default and the options given to \fBpcre_compile()\fP or
- they can be overridden by options given to \fBpcre_exec()\fP. Note that these
+ \fBpcre_compile2()\fP, but they can be overridden by options given to
- special settings, which are not Perl-compatible, are recognized only at the
+ \fBpcre_exec()\fP or \fBpcre_dfa_exec()\fP. Note that these special settings,
- very start of a pattern, and that they must be in upper case. If more than one
+ which are not Perl-compatible, are recognized only at the very start of a
- of them is present, the last one is used. They can be combined with a change of
+ pattern, and that they must be in upper case. If more than one of them is
- newline convention, for example, a pattern can start with:
+ present, the last one is used. They can be combined with a change of newline
+ convention; for example, a pattern can start with:
  .sp
    (*ANY)(*BSR_ANYCRLF)
  .sp
- Inside a character class, \eR matches the letter "R".
+ They can also be combined with the (*UTF8) or (*UCP) special sequences. Inside
+ a character class, \eR is treated as an unrecognized escape sequence, and so
+ matches the letter "R" by default, but causes an error if PCRE_EXTRA is set.
  .
  .
  .\" HTML <a name="uniextseq"></a>
-Line 463 
 The extra escape sequences are:
+Line 525 
 The extra escape sequences are:
    \eX       an extended Unicode sequence
  .sp
  The property names represented by \fIxx\fP above are limited to the Unicode
- script names, the general category properties, and "Any", which matches any
+ script names, the general category properties, "Any", which matches any
- character (including newline). Other properties such as "InMusicalSymbols" are
+ character (including newline), and some special PCRE properties (described
- not currently supported by PCRE. Note that \eP{Any} does not match any
+ in the
- characters, so always causes a match failure.
+ .\" HTML <a href="#extraprops">
+ .\" </a>
+ next section).
+ .\"
+ Other Perl properties such as "InMusicalSymbols" are not currently supported by
+ PCRE. Note that \eP{Any} does not match any characters, so always causes a
+ match failure.
  .P
  Sets of Unicode characters are defined as belonging to certain scripts. A
  character from one of these sets can be matched using a script name. For
-Line 480 
 Those that are not part of an identified
+Line 548 
 Those that are not part of an identified
  .P
  Arabic,
  Armenian,
+ Avestan,
  Balinese,
+ Bamum,
  Bengali,
  Bopomofo,
  Braille,
  Buginese,
  Buhid,
  Canadian_Aboriginal,
+ Carian,
+ Cham,
  Cherokee,
  Common,
  Coptic,
-Line 495 
 Cypriot,
+Line 567 
 Cypriot,
  Cyrillic,
  Deseret,
  Devanagari,
+ Egyptian_Hieroglyphs,
  Ethiopic,
  Georgian,
  Glagolitic,
-Line 507 
 Hangul,
+Line 580 
 Hangul,
  Hanunoo,
  Hebrew,
  Hiragana,
+ Imperial_Aramaic,
  Inherited,
+ Inscriptional_Pahlavi,
+ Inscriptional_Parthian,
+ Javanese,
+ Kaithi,
  Kannada,
  Katakana,
+ Kayah_Li,
  Kharoshthi,
  Khmer,
  Lao,
  Latin,
+ Lepcha,
  Limbu,
  Linear_B,
+ Lisu,
+ Lycian,
+ Lydian,
  Malayalam,
+ Meetei_Mayek,
  Mongolian,
  Myanmar,
  New_Tai_Lue,
-Line 524 
 Nko,
+Line 608 
 Nko,
  Ogham,
  Old_Italic,
  Old_Persian,
+ Old_South_Arabian,
+ Old_Turkic,
+ Ol_Chiki,
  Oriya,
  Osmanya,
  Phags_Pa,
  Phoenician,
+ Rejang,
  Runic,
+ Samaritan,
+ Saurashtra,
  Shavian,
  Sinhala,
+ Sundanese,
  Syloti_Nagri,
  Syriac,
  Tagalog,
  Tagbanwa,
  Tai_Le,
+ Tai_Tham,
+ Tai_Viet,
  Tamil,
  Telugu,
  Thaana,
-Line 543 
 Thai,
+Line 636 
 Thai,
  Tibetan,
  Tifinagh,
  Ugaritic,
+ Vai,
  Yi.
  .P
- Each character has exactly one general category property, specified by a
+ Each character has exactly one Unicode general category property, specified by
- two-letter abbreviation. For compatibility with Perl, negation can be specified
+ a two-letter abbreviation. For compatibility with Perl, negation can be
- by including a circumflex between the opening brace and the property name. For
+ specified by including a circumflex between the opening brace and the property
- example, \ep{^Lu} is the same as \eP{Lu}.
+ name. For example, \ep{^Lu} is the same as \eP{Lu}.
  .P
  If only one letter is specified with \ep or \eP, it includes all the general
  category properties that start with that letter. In this case, in the absence
-Line 615 
 cannot be tested by PCRE, unless UTF-8 v
+Line 709 
 cannot be tested by PCRE, unless UTF-8 v
  .\" HREF
  \fBpcreapi\fP
  .\"
- page).
+ page). Perl does not support the Cs property.
  .P
- The long synonyms for these properties that Perl supports (such as \ep{Letter})
+ The long synonyms for property names that Perl supports (such as \ep{Letter})
  are not supported by PCRE, nor is it permitted to prefix any of these
  properties with "Is".
  .P
-Line 647 
 non-UTF-8 mode \eX matches any one chara
+Line 741 
 non-UTF-8 mode \eX matches any one chara
  Matching characters by Unicode property is not fast, because PCRE has to search
  a structure that contains data for over fifteen thousand characters. That is
  why the traditional escape sequences such as \ed and \ew do not use Unicode
- properties in PCRE.
+ properties in PCRE by default, though you can make them do so by setting the
+ PCRE_UCP option for \fBpcre_compile()\fP or by starting the pattern with
+ (*UCP).
+ .
+ .
+ .\" HTML <a name="extraprops"></a>
+ .SS PCRE's additional properties
+ .rs
+ .sp
+ As well as the standard Unicode properties described in the previous
+ section, PCRE supports four more that make it possible to convert traditional
+ escape sequences such as \ew and \es and POSIX character classes to use Unicode
+ properties. PCRE uses these non-standard, non-Perl properties internally when
+ PCRE_UCP is set. They are:
+ .sp
+   Xan   Any alphanumeric character
+   Xps   Any POSIX space character
+   Xsp   Any Perl space character
+   Xwd   Any Perl "word" character
+ .sp
+ Xan matches characters that have either the L (letter) or the N (number)
+ property. Xps matches the characters tab, linefeed, vertical tab, formfeed, or
+ carriage return, and any other character that has the Z (separator) property.
+ Xsp is the same as Xps, except that vertical tab is excluded. Xwd matches the
+ same characters as Xan, plus underscore.
  .
  .
  .\" HTML <a name="resetmatchstart"></a>
-Line 678 
 For example, when the pattern
+Line 796 
 For example, when the pattern
    (foo)\eKbar
  .sp
  matches "foobar", the first substring is still set to "foo".
+ .P
+ Perl documents that the use of \eK within assertions is "not well defined". In
+ PCRE, \eK is acted upon when it occurs inside positive assertions, but is
+ ignored in negative assertions.
  .
  .
  .\" HTML <a name="smallassertions"></a>
-Line 702 
 The backslashed assertions are:
+Line 824 
 The backslashed assertions are:
    \ez     matches only at the end of the subject
    \eG     matches at the first matching position in the subject
  .sp
- These assertions may not appear in character classes (but note that \eb has a
+ Inside a character class, \eb has a different meaning; it matches the backspace
- different meaning, namely the backspace character, inside a character class).
+ character. If any other of these assertions appears in a character class, by
+ default it matches the corresponding literal character (for example, \eB
+ matches the letter B). However, if the PCRE_EXTRA option is set, an "invalid
+ escape sequence" error is generated instead.
  .P
  A word boundary is a position in the subject string where the current character
  and the previous character do not both match \ew or \eW (i.e. one matches
  \ew and the other matches \eW), or the start or end of the string if the
- first or last character matches \ew, respectively.
+ first or last character matches \ew, respectively. In UTF-8 mode, the meanings
+ of \ew and \eW can be changed by setting the PCRE_UCP option. When this is
+ done, it also affects \eb and \eB. Neither PCRE nor Perl has a separate "start
+ of word" or "end of word" metasequence. However, whatever follows \eb normally
+ determines which it is. For example, the fragment \eba matches "a" at the start
+ of a word.
  .P
  The \eA, \eZ, and \ez assertions differ from the traditional circumflex and
  dollar (described in the next section) in that they only ever match at the very
-Line 792 
 end of the subject in both modes, and if
+Line 922 
 end of the subject in both modes, and if
  \eA it is always anchored, whether or not PCRE_MULTILINE is set.
  .
  .
- .SH "FULL STOP (PERIOD, DOT)"
+ .\" HTML <a name="fullstopdot"></a>
+ .SH "FULL STOP (PERIOD, DOT) AND \eN"
  .rs
  .sp
  Outside a character class, a dot in the pattern matches any one character in
-Line 814 
 to match it.
+Line 945 
 to match it.
  The handling of dot is entirely independent of the handling of circumflex and
  dollar, the only relationship being that they both involve newlines. Dot has no
  special meaning in a character class.
+ .P
+ The escape sequence \eN always behaves as a dot does when PCRE_DOTALL is not
+ set. In other words, it matches any one character except one that signifies the
+ end of a line.
  .
  .
  .SH "MATCHING A SINGLE BYTE"
-Line 840 
 the lookbehind.
+Line 975 
 the lookbehind.
  .rs
  .sp
  An opening square bracket introduces a character class, terminated by a closing
- square bracket. A closing square bracket on its own is not special. If a
+ square bracket. A closing square bracket on its own is not special by default.
- closing square bracket is required as a member of the class, it should be the
+ However, if the PCRE_JAVASCRIPT_COMPAT option is set, a lone closing square
- first data character in the class (after an initial circumflex, if present) or
+ bracket causes a compile-time error. If a closing square bracket is required as
- escaped with a backslash.
+ a member of the class, it should be the first data character in the class
+ (after an initial circumflex, if present) or escaped with a backslash.
  .P
  A character class matches a single character in the subject. In UTF-8 mode, the
- character may occupy more than one byte. A matched character must be in the set
+ character may be more than one byte long. A matched character must be in the
- of characters defined by the class, unless the first character in the class
+ set of characters defined by the class, unless the first character in the class
  definition is a circumflex, in which case the subject character must not be in
  the set defined by the class. If a circumflex is actually required as a member
  of the class, ensure it is not the first character, or escape it with a
-Line 857 
 For example, the character class [aeiou]
+Line 993 
 For example, the character class [aeiou]
  [^aeiou] matches any character that is not a lower case vowel. Note that a
  circumflex is just a convenient notation for specifying the characters that
  are in the class by enumerating those that are not. A class that starts with a
- circumflex is not an assertion: it still consumes a character from the subject
+ circumflex is not an assertion; it still consumes a character from the subject
  string, and therefore it fails if the current pointer is at the end of the
  string.
  .P
-Line 871 
 caseful version would. In UTF-8 mode, PC
+Line 1007 
 caseful version would. In UTF-8 mode, PC
  case for characters whose values are less than 128, so caseless matching is
  always possible. For characters with higher values, the concept of case is
  supported if PCRE is compiled with Unicode property support, but not otherwise.
- If you want to use caseless matching for characters 128 and above, you must
+ If you want to use caseless matching in UTF8-mode for characters 128 and above,
- ensure that PCRE is compiled with Unicode property support as well as with
+ you must ensure that PCRE is compiled with Unicode property support as well as
- UTF-8 support.
+ with UTF-8 support.
  .P
  Characters that might indicate line breaks are never treated in any special way
  when matching character classes, whatever line-ending sequence is in use, and
-Line 907 
 characters in both cases. In UTF-8 mode,
+Line 1043 
 characters in both cases. In UTF-8 mode,
  characters with values greater than 128 only when it is compiled with Unicode
  property support.
  .P
- The character types \ed, \eD, \ep, \eP, \es, \eS, \ew, and \eW may also appear
+ The character types \ed, \eD, \eh, \eH, \ep, \eP, \es, \eS, \ev, \eV, \ew, and
- in a character class, and add the characters that they match to the class. For
+ \eW may also appear in a character class, and add the characters that they
- example, [\edABCDEF] matches any hexadecimal digit. A circumflex can
+ match to the class. For example, [\edABCDEF] matches any hexadecimal digit. A
- conveniently be used with the upper case character types to specify a more
+ circumflex can conveniently be used with the upper case character types to
- restricted set of characters than the matching lower case type. For example,
+ specify a more restricted set of characters than the matching lower case type.
- the class [^\eW_] matches any letter or digit, but not underscore.
+ For example, the class [^\eW_] matches any letter or digit, but not underscore.
  .P
  The only metacharacters that are recognized in character classes are backslash,
  hyphen (only where it can be interpreted as specifying a range), circumflex
-Line 932 
 this notation. For example,
+Line 1068 
 this notation. For example,
    [01[:alpha:]%]
  .sp
  matches "0", "1", any alphabetic character, or "%". The supported class names
- are
+ are:
  .sp
    alnum    letters and digits
    alpha    letters
-Line 943 
 are
+Line 1079 
 are
    graph    printing characters, excluding space
    lower    lower case letters
    print    printing characters, including space
-   punct    printing characters, excluding letters and digits
+   punct    printing characters, excluding letters and digits and space
    space    white space (not quite the same as \es)
    upper    upper case letters
    word     "word" characters (same as \ew)
-Line 964 
 matches "1", "2", or any non-digit. PCRE
+Line 1100 
 matches "1", "2", or any non-digit. PCRE
  syntax [.ch.] and [=ch=] where "ch" is a "collating element", but these are not
  supported, and an error is given if they are encountered.
  .P
- In UTF-8 mode, characters with values greater than 128 do not match any of
+ By default, in UTF-8 mode, characters with values greater than 128 do not match
- the POSIX character classes.
+ any of the POSIX character classes. However, if the PCRE_UCP option is passed
+ to \fBpcre_compile()\fP, some of the classes are changed so that Unicode
+ character properties are used. This is achieved by replacing the POSIX classes
+ by other sequences, as follows:
+ .sp
+   [:alnum:]  becomes  \ep{Xan}
+   [:alpha:]  becomes  \ep{L}
+   [:blank:]  becomes  \eh
+   [:digit:]  becomes  \ep{Nd}
+   [:lower:]  becomes  \ep{Ll}
+   [:space:]  becomes  \ep{Xps}
+   [:upper:]  becomes  \ep{Lu}
+   [:word:]   becomes  \ep{Xwd}
+ .sp
+ Negated versions, such as [:^alpha:] use \eP instead of \ep. The other POSIX
+ classes are unchanged, and match only characters with code points less than
+.
  .
  .
  .SH "VERTICAL BAR"
-Line 1012 
 The PCRE-specific options PCRE_DUPNAMES,
+Line 1164 
 The PCRE-specific options PCRE_DUPNAMES,
  changed in the same way as the Perl-compatible options by using the characters
  J, U and X respectively.
  .P
- When an option change occurs at top level (that is, not inside subpattern
+ When one of these option changes occurs at top level (that is, not inside
- parentheses), the change applies to the remainder of the pattern that follows.
+ subpattern parentheses), the change applies to the remainder of the pattern
- If the change is placed right at the start of a pattern, PCRE extracts it into
+ that follows. If the change is placed right at the start of a pattern, PCRE
- the global options (and it will therefore show up in data extracted by the
+ extracts it into the global options (and it will therefore show up in data
- \fBpcre_fullinfo()\fP function).
+ extracted by the \fBpcre_fullinfo()\fP function).
  .P
  An option change within a subpattern (see below for a description of
  subpatterns) affects only that part of the current pattern that follows it, so
-Line 1037 
 behaviour otherwise.
+Line 1189 
 behaviour otherwise.
  .P
  \fBNote:\fP There are other PCRE-specific options that can be set by the
  application when the compile or match functions are called. In some cases the
- pattern can contain special leading sequences to override what the application
+ pattern can contain special leading sequences such as (*CRLF) to override what
- has set or what has been defaulted. Details are given in the section entitled
+ the application has set or what has been defaulted. Details are given in the
+ section entitled
  .\" HTML <a href="#newlineseq">
  .\" </a>
  "Newline sequences"
  .\"
- above.
+ above. There are also the (*UTF8) and (*UCP) leading sequences that can be used
+ to set UTF-8 and Unicode property modes; they are equivalent to setting the
+ PCRE_UTF8 and the PCRE_UCP options, respectively.
  .
  .
  .\" HTML <a name="subpattern"></a>
-Line 1098 
 is reached, an option setting in one bra
+Line 1253 
 is reached, an option setting in one bra
  the above patterns match "SUNDAY" as well as "Saturday".
  .
  .
+ .\" HTML <a name="dupsubpatternnumber"></a>
  .SH "DUPLICATE SUBPATTERN NUMBERS"
  .rs
  .sp
-Line 1123 
 stored.
+Line 1279 
 stored.
    / ( a )  (?| x ( y ) z | (p (q) r) | (t) u (v) ) ( z ) /x
    # 1            2         2  3        2     3     4
  .sp
- A backreference or a recursive call to a numbered subpattern always refers to
+ A back reference to a numbered subpattern uses the most recent value that is
- the first one in the pattern with the given number.
+ set for that number by any subpattern. The following pattern matches "abcabc"
+ or "defdef":
+ .sp
+   /(?|(abc)|(def))\e1/
+ .sp
+ In contrast, a recursive or "subroutine" call to a numbered subpattern always
+ refers to the first one in the pattern with the given number. The following
+ pattern matches "abcabc" or "defabc":
+ .sp
+   /(?|(abc)|(def))(?1)/
+ .sp
+ If a
+ .\" HTML <a href="#conditions">
+ .\" </a>
+ condition test
+ .\"
+ for a subpattern's having matched refers to a non-unique number, the test is
+ true if any of the subpatterns of that number have matched.
  .P
  An alternative approach to using this "branch reset" feature is to use
  duplicate named subpatterns, as described in the next section.
-Line 1139 
 if an expression is modified, the number
+Line 1312 
 if an expression is modified, the number
  difficulty, PCRE supports the naming of subpatterns. This feature was not
  added to Perl until release 5.10. Python had the feature earlier, and PCRE
  introduced it at release 4.0, using the Python syntax. PCRE now supports both
- the Perl and the Python syntax.
+ the Perl and the Python syntax. Perl allows identically numbered subpatterns to
+ have different names, but PCRE does not.
  .P
  In PCRE, a subpattern can be named in one of three ways: (?<name>...) or
  (?'name'...) as in Perl, or (?P<name>...) as in Python. References to capturing
  parentheses from other parts of the pattern, such as
  .\" HTML <a href="#backreferences">
  .\" </a>
- backreferences,
+ back references,
  .\"
  .\" HTML <a href="#recursion">
  .\" </a>
-Line 1166 
 extracting the name-to-number translatio
+Line 1340 
 extracting the name-to-number translatio
  is also a convenience function for extracting a captured substring by name.
  .P
  By default, a name must be unique within a pattern, but it is possible to relax
- this constraint by setting the PCRE_DUPNAMES option at compile time. This can
+ this constraint by setting the PCRE_DUPNAMES option at compile time. (Duplicate
- be useful for patterns where only one instance of the named parentheses can
+ names are also always permitted for subpatterns with the same number, set up as
- match. Suppose you want to match the name of a weekday, either as a 3-letter
+ described in the previous section.) Duplicate names can be useful for patterns
- abbreviation or as the full name, and in both cases you want to extract the
+ where only one instance of the named parentheses can match. Suppose you want to
- abbreviation. This pattern (ignoring the line breaks) does the job:
+ match the name of a weekday, either as a 3-letter abbreviation or as the full
+ name, and in both cases you want to extract the abbreviation. This pattern
+ (ignoring the line breaks) does the job:
  .sp
    (?<DN>Mon|Fri|Sun)(?:day)?|
    (?<DN>Tue)(?:sday)?|
-Line 1184 
 subpattern, as described in the previous
+Line 1360 
 subpattern, as described in the previous
  .P
  The convenience function for extracting the data by name returns the substring
  for the first (and in this example, the only) subpattern of that name that
- matched. This saves searching to find which numbered subpattern it was. If you
+ matched. This saves searching to find which numbered subpattern it was.
- make a reference to a non-unique named subpattern from elsewhere in the
+ .P
- pattern, the one that corresponds to the lowest number is used. For further
+ If you make a back reference to a non-unique named subpattern from elsewhere in
- details of the interfaces for handling named subpatterns, see the
+ the pattern, the one that corresponds to the first occurrence of the name is
+ used. In the absence of duplicate numbers (see the previous section) this is
+ the one with the lowest number. If you use a named reference in a condition
+ test (see the
+ .\"
+ .\" HTML <a href="#conditions">
+ .\" </a>
+ section about conditions
+ .\"
+ below), either to check whether a subpattern has matched, or to check for
+ recursion, all subpatterns with the same name are tested. If the condition is
+ true for any one of them, the overall condition is true. This is the same
+ behaviour as testing by number. For further details of the interfaces for
+ handling named subpatterns, see the
  .\" HREF
  \fBpcreapi\fP
  .\"
  documentation.
+ .P
+ \fBWarning:\fP You cannot use different names to distinguish between two
+ subpatterns with the same number because PCRE uses only the numbers when
+ matching. For this reason, an error is given at compile time if different names
+ are given to subpatterns with the same number. However, you can give the same
+ name to subpatterns with the same number, even when PCRE_DUPNAMES is not set.
  .
  .
  .SH REPETITION
-Line 1209 
 items:
+Line 1404 
 items:
    a character class
    a back reference (see next section)
    a parenthesized subpattern (unless it is an assertion)
+   a recursive or "subroutine" call to a subpattern
  .sp
  The general repetition quantifier specifies a minimum and maximum number of
  permitted matches, by giving the two numbers in curly brackets (braces),
-Line 1240 
 support is available, \eX{3} matches thr
+Line 1436 
 support is available, \eX{3} matches thr
  which may be several bytes long (and they may be of different lengths).
  .P
  The quantifier {0} is permitted, causing the expression to behave as if the
- previous item and the quantifier were not present.
+ previous item and the quantifier were not present. This may be useful for
+ subpatterns that are referenced as
+ .\" HTML <a href="#subpatternsassubroutines">
+ .\" </a>
+ subroutines
+ .\"
+ from elsewhere in the pattern. Items other than subpatterns that have a {0}
+ quantifier are omitted from the compiled pattern.
  .P
  For convenience, the three most common quantifiers have single-character
  abbreviations:
-Line 1312 
 worth setting PCRE_DOTALL in order to ob
+Line 1515 
 worth setting PCRE_DOTALL in order to ob
  alternatively using ^ to indicate anchoring explicitly.
  .P
  However, there is one situation where the optimization cannot be used. When .*
- is inside capturing parentheses that are the subject of a backreference
+ is inside capturing parentheses that are the subject of a back reference
  elsewhere in the pattern, a match at the start may fail where a later one
  succeeds. Consider, for example:
  .sp
-Line 1523 
 after the reference.
+Line 1726 
 after the reference.
  .P
  There may be more than one back reference to the same subpattern. If a
  subpattern has not actually been used in a particular match, any back
- references to it always fail. For example, the pattern
+ references to it always fail by default. For example, the pattern
  .sp
    (a|(bc))\e2
  .sp
- always fails if it starts to match "a" rather than "bc". Because there may be
+ always fails if it starts to match "a" rather than "bc". However, if the
- many capturing parentheses in a pattern, all digits following the backslash are
+ PCRE_JAVASCRIPT_COMPAT option is set at compile time, a back reference to an
- taken as part of a potential back reference number. If the pattern continues
+ unset value matches an empty string.
- with a digit character, some delimiter must be used to terminate the back
+ .P
- reference. If the PCRE_EXTENDED option is set, this can be whitespace.
+ Because there may be many capturing parentheses in a pattern, all digits
- Otherwise an empty comment (see
+ following a backslash are taken as part of a potential back reference number.
+ If the pattern continues with a digit character, some delimiter must be used to
+ terminate the back reference. If the PCRE_EXTENDED option is set, this can be
+ whitespace. Otherwise, the \eg{ syntax or an empty comment (see
  .\" HTML <a href="#comments">
  .\" </a>
  "Comments"
  .\"
  below) can be used.
- .P
+ .
+ .SS "Recursive back references"
+ .rs
+ .sp
  A back reference that occurs inside the parentheses to which it refers fails
  when the subpattern is first used, so, for example, (a\e1) never matches.
  However, such references can be useful inside repeated subpatterns. For
-Line 1552 
 to the previous iteration. In order for
+Line 1761 
 to the previous iteration. In order for
  that the first iteration does not need to match the back reference. This can be
  done using alternation, as in the example above, or by a quantifier with a
  minimum of zero.
+ .P
+ Back references of this type cause the group that they reference to be treated
+ as an
+ .\" HTML <a href="#atomicgroup">
+ .\" </a>
+ atomic group.
+ .\"
+ Once the whole group has been matched, a subsequent matching failure cannot
+ cause backtracking into the middle of the group.
  .
  .
  .\" HTML <a name="bigassertions"></a>
-Line 1605 
 lookbehind assertion is needed to achiev
+Line 1823 
 lookbehind assertion is needed to achiev
  If you want to force a matching failure at some point in a pattern, the most
  convenient way to do it is with (?!) because an empty string always matches, so
  an assertion that requires there not to be an empty string must always fail.
+ The Perl 5.10 backtracking control verb (*FAIL) or (*F) is essentially a
+ synonym for (?!).
  .
  .
  .\" HTML <a name="lookbehind"></a>
-Line 1629 
 is permitted, but
+Line 1849 
 is permitted, but
  .sp
  causes an error at compile time. Branches that match different length strings
  are permitted only at the top level of a lookbehind assertion. This is an
- extension compared with Perl (at least for 5.8), which requires all branches to
+ extension compared with Perl (5.8 and 5.10), which requires all branches to
  match the same length of string. An assertion such as
  .sp
    (?<=ab(c|de))
  .sp
  is not permitted, because its single top-level branch can match two different
- lengths, but it is acceptable if rewritten to use two top-level branches:
+ lengths, but it is acceptable to PCRE if rewritten to use two top-level
+ branches:
  .sp
    (?<=abc|abde)
  .sp
-Line 1644 
 In some cases, the Perl 5.10 escape sequ
+Line 1865 
 In some cases, the Perl 5.10 escape sequ
  .\" </a>
  (see above)
  .\"
- can be used instead of a lookbehind assertion; this is not restricted to a
+ can be used instead of a lookbehind assertion to get round the fixed-length
- fixed-length.
+ restriction.
  .P
  The implementation of lookbehind assertions is, for each alternative, to
  temporarily move the current position back by the fixed length and then try to
-Line 1657 
 to appear in lookbehind assertions, beca
+Line 1878 
 to appear in lookbehind assertions, beca
  the length of the lookbehind. The \eX and \eR escapes, which can match
  different numbers of bytes, are also not permitted.
  .P
+ .\" HTML <a href="#subpatternsassubroutines">
+ .\" </a>
+ "Subroutine"
+ .\"
+ calls (see below) such as (?2) or (?&X) are permitted in lookbehinds, as long
+ as the subpattern matches a fixed-length string.
+ .\" HTML <a href="#recursion">
+ .\" </a>
+ Recursion,
+ .\"
+ however, is not supported.
+ .P
  Possessive quantifiers can be used in conjunction with lookbehind assertions to
- specify efficient matching at the end of the subject string. Consider a simple
+ specify efficient matching of fixed-length strings at the end of subject
- pattern such as
+ strings. Consider a simple pattern such as
  .sp
    abcd$
  .sp
-Line 1723 
 characters that are not "999".
+Line 1956 
 characters that are not "999".
  .sp
  It is possible to cause the matching process to obey a subpattern
  conditionally or to choose between two alternative subpatterns, depending on
- the result of an assertion, or whether a previous capturing subpattern matched
+ the result of an assertion, or whether a specific capturing subpattern has
- or not. The two possible forms of conditional subpattern are
+ already been matched. The two possible forms of conditional subpattern are:
  .sp
    (?(condition)yes-pattern)
    (?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)
-Line 1740 
 recursion, a pseudo-condition called DEF
+Line 1973 
 recursion, a pseudo-condition called DEF
  .rs
  .sp
  If the text between the parentheses consists of a sequence of digits, the
- condition is true if the capturing subpattern of that number has previously
+ condition is true if a capturing subpattern of that number has previously
- matched. An alternative notation is to precede the digits with a plus or minus
+ matched. If there is more than one capturing subpattern with the same number
- sign. In this case, the subpattern number is relative rather than absolute.
+ (see the earlier
- The most recently opened parentheses can be referenced by (?(-1), the next most
+ .\"
- recent by (?(-2), and so on. In looping constructs it can also make sense to
+ .\" HTML <a href="#recursion">
- refer to subsequent groups with constructs such as (?(+2).
+ .\" </a>
+ section about duplicate subpattern numbers),
+ .\"
+ the condition is true if any of them have been set. An alternative notation is
+ to precede the digits with a plus or minus sign. In this case, the subpattern
+ number is relative rather than absolute. The most recently opened parentheses
+ can be referenced by (?(-1), the next most recent by (?(-2), and so on. In
+ looping constructs it can also make sense to refer to subsequent groups with
+ constructs such as (?(+2).
  .P
  Consider the following pattern, which contains non-significant white space to
  make it more readable (assume the PCRE_EXTENDED option) and to divide it into
-Line 1786 
 Rewriting the above example to use a nam
+Line 2027 
 Rewriting the above example to use a nam
  .sp
    (?<OPEN> \e( )?    [^()]+    (?(<OPEN>) \e) )
  .sp
+ If the name used in a condition of this kind is a duplicate, the test is
+ applied to all subpatterns of the same name, and is true if any one of them has
+ matched.
  .
  .SS "Checking for pattern recursion"
  .rs
-Line 1797 
 letter R, for example:
+Line 2041 
 letter R, for example:
  .sp
    (?(R3)...) or (?(R&name)...)
  .sp
- the condition is true if the most recent recursion is into the subpattern whose
+ the condition is true if the most recent recursion is into a subpattern whose
  number or name is given. This condition does not check the entire recursion
- stack.
+ stack. If the name used in a condition of this kind is a duplicate, the test is
+ applied to all subpatterns of the same name, and is true if any one of them is
+ the most recent recursion.
  .P
- At "top level", all these recursion test conditions are false. Recursive
+ At "top level", all these recursion test conditions are false.
- patterns are described below.
+ .\" HTML <a href="#recursion">
+ .\" </a>
+ The syntax for recursive patterns
+ .\"
+ is described below.
  .
  .SS "Defining subpatterns for use by reference only"
  .rs
-Line 1811 
 If the condition is the string (DEFINE),
+Line 2061 
 If the condition is the string (DEFINE),
  name DEFINE, the condition is always false. In this case, there may be only one
  alternative in the subpattern. It is always skipped if control reaches this
  point in the pattern; the idea of DEFINE is that it can be used to define
- "subroutines" that can be referenced from elsewhere. (The use of "subroutines"
+ "subroutines" that can be referenced from elsewhere. (The use of
+ .\" HTML <a href="#subpatternsassubroutines">
+ .\" </a>
+ "subroutines"
+ .\"
  is described below.) For example, a pattern to match an IPv4 address could be
  written like this (ignore whitespace and line breaks):
  .sp
-Line 1821 
 written like this (ignore whitespace and
+Line 2075 
 written like this (ignore whitespace and
  The first part of the pattern is a DEFINE group inside which a another group
  named "byte" is defined. This matches an individual component of an IPv4
  address (a number less than 256). When matching takes place, this part of the
- pattern is skipped because DEFINE acts like a false condition.
+ pattern is skipped because DEFINE acts like a false condition. The rest of the
- .P
+ pattern uses references to the named group to match the four dot-separated
- The rest of the pattern uses references to the named group to match the four
+ components of an IPv4 address, insisting on a word boundary at each end.
- dot-separated components of an IPv4 address, insisting on a word boundary at
- each end.
  .
  .SS "Assertion conditions"
  .rs
-Line 1882 
 recursively to the pattern in which it a
+Line 2134 
 recursively to the pattern in which it a
  Obviously, PCRE cannot support the interpolation of Perl code. Instead, it
  supports special syntax for recursion of the entire pattern, and also for
  individual subpattern recursion. After its introduction in PCRE and Python,
- this kind of recursion was introduced into Perl at release 5.10.
+ this kind of recursion was subsequently introduced into Perl at release 5.10.
  .P
  A special item that consists of (? followed by a number greater than zero and a
  closing parenthesis is a recursive call of the subpattern of the given number,
- provided that it occurs inside that subpattern. (If not, it is a "subroutine"
+ provided that it occurs inside that subpattern. (If not, it is a
+ .\" HTML <a href="#subpatternsassubroutines">
+ .\" </a>
+ "subroutine"
+ .\"
  call, which is described in the next section.) The special item (?R) or (?0) is
  a recursive call of the entire regular expression.
  .P
- In PCRE (like Python, but unlike Perl), a recursive subpattern call is always
- treated as an atomic group. That is, once it has matched some of the subject
- string, it is never re-entered, even if it contains untried alternatives and
- there is a subsequent matching failure.
- .P
  This PCRE pattern solves the nested parentheses problem (assume the
  PCRE_EXTENDED option is set so that white space is ignored):
  .sp
-   \e( ( (?>[^()]+) | (?R) )* \e)
+   \e( ( [^()]++ | (?R) )* \e)
  .sp
  First it matches an opening parenthesis. Then it matches any number of
  substrings which can either be a sequence of non-parentheses, or a recursive
  match of the pattern itself (that is, a correctly parenthesized substring).
- Finally there is a closing parenthesis.
+ Finally there is a closing parenthesis. Note the use of a possessive quantifier
+ to avoid backtracking into sequences of non-parentheses.
  .P
  If this were part of a larger pattern, you would not want to recurse the entire
  pattern, so instead you could use this:
  .sp
-   ( \e( ( (?>[^()]+) | (?1) )* \e) )
+   ( \e( ( [^()]++ | (?1) )* \e) )
  .sp
  We have put the pattern into parentheses, and caused the recursion to refer to
  them instead of the whole pattern.
  .P
  In a larger pattern, keeping track of parenthesis numbers can be tricky. This
- is made easier by the use of relative references. (A Perl 5.10 feature.)
+ is made easier by the use of relative references (a Perl 5.10 feature).
  Instead of (?1) in the pattern above you can write (?-2) to refer to the second
  most recently opened parentheses preceding the recursion. In other words, a
  negative number counts capturing parentheses leftwards from the point at which
-Line 1923 
 it is encountered.
+Line 2175 
 it is encountered.
  It is also possible to refer to subsequently opened parentheses, by writing
  references such as (?+2). However, these cannot be recursive because the
  reference is not inside the parentheses that are referenced. They are always
- "subroutine" calls, as described in the next section.
+ .\" HTML <a href="#subpatternsassubroutines">
+ .\" </a>
+ "subroutine"
+ .\"
+ calls, as described in the next section.
  .P
  An alternative approach is to use named parentheses instead. The Perl syntax
  for this is (?&name); PCRE's earlier syntax (?P>name) is also supported. We
  could rewrite the above example as follows:
  .sp
-   (?<pn> \e( ( (?>[^()]+) | (?&pn) )* \e) )
+   (?<pn> \e( ( [^()]++ | (?&pn) )* \e) )
  .sp
  If there is more than one subpattern with the same name, the earliest one is
  used.
  .P
  This particular example pattern that we have been looking at contains nested
- unlimited repeats, and so the use of atomic grouping for matching strings of
+ unlimited repeats, and so the use of a possessive quantifier for matching
- non-parentheses is important when applying the pattern to strings that do not
+ strings of non-parentheses is important when applying the pattern to strings
- match. For example, when this pattern is applied to
+ that do not match. For example, when this pattern is applied to
  .sp
    (aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa()
  .sp
- it yields "no match" quickly. However, if atomic grouping is not used,
+ it yields "no match" quickly. However, if a possessive quantifier is not used,
  the match runs for a very long time indeed because there are so many different
  ways the + and * repeats can carve up the subject, and all have to be tested
  before failure can be reported.
  .P
- At the end of a match, the values set for any capturing subpatterns are those
+ At the end of a match, the values of capturing parentheses are those from
- from the outermost level of the recursion at which the subpattern value is set.
+ the outermost level. If you want to obtain intermediate values, a callout
- If you want to obtain intermediate values, a callout function can be used (see
+ function can be used (see below and the
- below and the
  .\" HREF
  \fBpcrecallout\fP
  .\"
-Line 1957 
 documentation). If the pattern above is
+Line 2212 
 documentation). If the pattern above is
  .sp
    (ab(cd)ef)
  .sp
- the value for the capturing parentheses is "ef", which is the last value taken
+ the value for the inner capturing parentheses (numbered 2) is "ef", which is
- on at the top level. If additional parentheses are added, giving
+ the last value taken on at the top level. If a capturing subpattern is not
- .sp
+ matched at the top level, its final value is unset, even if it is (temporarily)
-   \e( ( ( (?>[^()]+) | (?R) )* ) \e)
+ set at a deeper level.
-      ^                        ^
+ .P
-      ^                        ^
+ If there are more than 15 capturing parentheses in a pattern, PCRE has to
- .sp
+ obtain extra memory to store data during a recursion, which it does by using
- the string they capture is "ab(cd)ef", the contents of the top level
+ \fBpcre_malloc\fP, freeing it via \fBpcre_free\fP afterwards. If no memory can
- parentheses. If there are more than 15 capturing parentheses in a pattern, PCRE
+ be obtained, the match fails with the PCRE_ERROR_NOMEMORY error.
- has to obtain extra memory to store data during a recursion, which it does by
- using \fBpcre_malloc\fP, freeing it via \fBpcre_free\fP afterwards. If no
- memory can be obtained, the match fails with the PCRE_ERROR_NOMEMORY error.
  .P
  Do not confuse the (?R) item with the condition (R), which tests for recursion.
  Consider this pattern, which matches text in angle brackets, allowing for
-Line 1982 
 different alternatives for the recursive
+Line 2234 
 different alternatives for the recursive
  is the actual recursive call.
  .
  .
+ .\" HTML <a name="recursiondifference"></a>
+ .SS "Recursion difference from Perl"
+ .rs
+ .sp
+ In PCRE (like Python, but unlike Perl), a recursive subpattern call is always
+ treated as an atomic group. That is, once it has matched some of the subject
+ string, it is never re-entered, even if it contains untried alternatives and
+ there is a subsequent matching failure. This can be illustrated by the
+ following pattern, which purports to match a palindromic string that contains
+ an odd number of characters (for example, "a", "aba", "abcba", "abcdcba"):
+ .sp
+   ^(.|(.)(?1)\e2)$
+ .sp
+ The idea is that it either matches a single character, or two identical
+ characters surrounding a sub-palindrome. In Perl, this pattern works; in PCRE
+ it does not if the pattern is longer than three characters. Consider the
+ subject string "abcba":
+ .P
+ At the top level, the first character is matched, but as it is not at the end
+ of the string, the first alternative fails; the second alternative is taken
+ and the recursion kicks in. The recursive call to subpattern 1 successfully
+ matches the next character ("b"). (Note that the beginning and end of line
+ tests are not part of the recursion).
+ .P
+ Back at the top level, the next character ("c") is compared with what
+ subpattern 2 matched, which was "a". This fails. Because the recursion is
+ treated as an atomic group, there are now no backtracking points, and so the
+ entire match fails. (Perl is able, at this point, to re-enter the recursion and
+ try the second alternative.) However, if the pattern is written with the
+ alternatives in the other order, things are different:
+ .sp
+   ^((.)(?1)\e2|.)$
+ .sp
+ This time, the recursing alternative is tried first, and continues to recurse
+ until it runs out of characters, at which point the recursion fails. But this
+ time we do have another alternative to try at the higher level. That is the big
+ difference: in the previous case the remaining alternative is at a deeper
+ recursion level, which PCRE cannot use.
+ .P
+ To change the pattern so that matches all palindromic strings, not just those
+ with an odd number of characters, it is tempting to change the pattern to this:
+ .sp
+   ^((.)(?1)\e2|.?)$
+ .sp
+ Again, this works in Perl, but not in PCRE, and for the same reason. When a
+ deeper recursion has matched a single character, it cannot be entered again in
+ order to match an empty string. The solution is to separate the two cases, and
+ write out the odd and even cases as alternatives at the higher level:
+ .sp
+   ^(?:((.)(?1)\e2|)|((.)(?3)\e4|.))
+ .sp
+ If you want to match typical palindromic phrases, the pattern has to ignore all
+ non-word characters, which can be done like this:
+ .sp
+   ^\eW*+(?:((.)\eW*+(?1)\eW*+\e2|)|((.)\eW*+(?3)\eW*+\e4|\eW*+.\eW*+))\eW*+$
+ .sp
+ If run with the PCRE_CASELESS option, this pattern matches phrases such as "A
+ man, a plan, a canal: Panama!" and it works well in both PCRE and Perl. Note
+ the use of the possessive quantifier *+ to avoid backtracking into sequences of
+ non-word characters. Without this, PCRE takes a great deal longer (ten times or
+ more) to match typical phrases, and Perl takes so long that you think it has
+ gone into a loop.
+ .P
+ \fBWARNING\fP: The palindrome-matching patterns above work only if the subject
+ string does not start with a palindrome that is shorter than the entire string.
+ For example, although "abcba" is correctly matched, if the subject is "ababa",
+ PCRE finds the palindrome "aba" at the start, then fails at top level because
+ the end of the string does not follow. Once again, it cannot jump back into the
+ recursion to try other alternatives, so the entire match fails.
+ .
+ .
  .\" HTML <a name="subpatternsassubroutines"></a>
  .SH "SUBPATTERNS AS SUBROUTINES"
  .rs
-Line 2008 
 matches "sense and sensibility" and "res
+Line 2331 
 matches "sense and sensibility" and "res
  is used, it does match "sense and responsibility" as well as the other two
  strings. Another example is given in the discussion of DEFINE above.
  .P
- Like recursive subpatterns, a "subroutine" call is always treated as an atomic
+ Like recursive subpatterns, a subroutine call is always treated as an atomic
  group. That is, once it has matched some of the subject string, it is never
  re-entered, even if it contains untried alternatives and there is a subsequent
- matching failure.
+ matching failure. Any capturing parentheses that are set during the subroutine
+ call revert to their previous values afterwards.
  .P
  When a subpattern is used as a subroutine, processing options such as
  case-independence are fixed when the subpattern is defined. They cannot be
-Line 2023 
 It matches "abcabc". It does not match "
+Line 2347 
 It matches "abcabc". It does not match "
  processing option does not affect the called subpattern.
  .
  .
+ .\" HTML <a name="onigurumasubroutines"></a>
+ .SH "ONIGURUMA SUBROUTINE SYNTAX"
+ .rs
+ .sp
+ For compatibility with Oniguruma, the non-Perl syntax \eg followed by a name or
+ a number enclosed either in angle brackets or single quotes, is an alternative
+ syntax for referencing a subpattern as a subroutine, possibly recursively. Here
+ are two of the examples used above, rewritten using this syntax:
+ .sp
+   (?<pn> \e( ( (?>[^()]+) | \eg<pn> )* \e) )
+   (sens|respons)e and \eg'1'ibility
+ .sp
+ PCRE supports an extension to Oniguruma: if a number is preceded by a
+ plus or a minus sign it is taken as a relative reference. For example:
+ .sp
+   (abc)(?i:\eg<-1>)
+ .sp
+ Note that \eg{...} (Perl syntax) and \eg<...> (Oniguruma syntax) are \fInot\fP
+ synonymous. The former is a back reference; the latter is a subroutine call.
+ .
+ .
  .SH CALLOUTS
  .rs
  .sp
-Line 2059 
 description of the interface to the call
+Line 2404 
 description of the interface to the call
  documentation.
  .
  .
+ .\" HTML <a name="backtrackcontrol"></a>
  .SH "BACKTRACKING CONTROL"
  .rs
  .sp
-Line 2068 
 or removal in a future version of Perl".
+Line 2414 
 or removal in a future version of Perl".
  production code should be noted to avoid problems during upgrades." The same
  remarks apply to the PCRE features described in this section.
  .P
- Since these verbs are specifically related to backtracking, they can be used
+ Since these verbs are specifically related to backtracking, most of them can be
- only when the pattern is to be matched using \fBpcre_exec()\fP, which uses a
+ used only when the pattern is to be matched using \fBpcre_exec()\fP, which uses
- backtracking algorithm. They cause an error if encountered by
+ a backtracking algorithm. With the exception of (*FAIL), which behaves like a
+ failing negative assertion, they cause an error if encountered by
  \fBpcre_dfa_exec()\fP.
  .P
+ If any of these verbs are used in an assertion or subroutine subpattern
+ (including recursive subpatterns), their effect is confined to that subpattern;
+ it does not extend to the surrounding pattern. Note that such subpatterns are
+ processed as anchored at the point where they are tested.
+ .P
  The new verbs make use of what was previously invalid syntax: an opening
- parenthesis followed by an asterisk. In Perl, they are generally of the form
+ parenthesis followed by an asterisk. They are generally of the form
- (*VERB:ARG) but PCRE does not support the use of arguments, so its general
+ (*VERB) or (*VERB:NAME). Some may take either form, with differing behaviour,
- form is just (*VERB). Any number of these verbs may occur in a pattern. There
+ depending on whether or not an argument is present. An name is a sequence of
- are two kinds:
+ letters, digits, and underscores. If the name is empty, that is, if the closing
+ parenthesis immediately follows the colon, the effect is as if the colon were
+ not there. Any number of these verbs may occur in a pattern.
+ .P
+ PCRE contains some optimizations that are used to speed up matching by running
+ some checks at the start of each match attempt. For example, it may know the
+ minimum length of matching subject, or that a particular character must be
+ present. When one of these optimizations suppresses the running of a match, any
+ included backtracking verbs will not, of course, be processed. You can suppress
+ the start-of-match optimizations by setting the PCRE_NO_START_OPTIMIZE option
+ when calling \fBpcre_exec()\fP.
+ .
  .
  .SS "Verbs that act immediately"
  .rs
  .sp
- The following verbs act as soon as they are encountered:
+ The following verbs act as soon as they are encountered. They may not be
+ followed by a name.
  .sp
     (*ACCEPT)
  .sp
  This verb causes the match to end successfully, skipping the remainder of the
  pattern. When inside a recursion, only the innermost pattern is ended
- immediately. PCRE differs from Perl in what happens if the (*ACCEPT) is inside
+ immediately. If (*ACCEPT) is inside capturing parentheses, the data so far is
- capturing parentheses. In Perl, the data so far is captured: in PCRE no data is
+ captured. (This feature was added to PCRE at release 8.00.) For example:
- captured. For example:
  .sp
-   A(A|B(*ACCEPT)|C)D
+   A((?:A|B(*ACCEPT)|C)D)
  .sp
- This matches "AB", "AAD", or "ACD", but when it matches "AB", no data is
+ This matches "AB", "AAD", or "ACD"; when it matches "AB", "B" is captured by
- captured.
+ the outer parentheses.
  .sp
    (*FAIL) or (*F)
  .sp
-Line 2110 
 callout feature, as for example in this
+Line 2473 
 callout feature, as for example in this
  A match with the string "aaaa" always fails, but the callout is taken before
  each backtrack happens (in this example, 10 times).
  .
+ .
+ .SS "Recording which path was taken"
+ .rs
+ .sp
+ There is one verb whose main purpose is to track how a match was arrived at,
+ though it also has a secondary use in conjunction with advancing the match
+ starting point (see (*SKIP) below).
+ .sp
+   (*MARK:NAME) or (*:NAME)
+ .sp
+ A name is always required with this verb. There may be as many instances of
+ (*MARK) as you like in a pattern, and their names do not have to be unique.
+ .P
+ When a match succeeds, the name of the last-encountered (*MARK) is passed back
+ to the caller via the \fIpcre_extra\fP data structure, as described in the
+ .\" HTML <a href="pcreapi.html#extradata">
+ .\" </a>
+ section on \fIpcre_extra\fP
+ .\"
+ in the
+ .\" HREF
+ \fBpcreapi\fP
+ .\"
+ documentation. No data is returned for a partial match. Here is an example of
+ \fBpcretest\fP output, where the /K modifier requests the retrieval and
+ outputting of (*MARK) data:
+ .sp
+   /X(*MARK:A)Y|X(*MARK:B)Z/K
+   XY
+: XY
+   MK: A
+   XZ
+: XZ
+   MK: B
+ .sp
+ The (*MARK) name is tagged with "MK:" in this output, and in this example it
+ indicates which of the two alternatives matched. This is a more efficient way
+ of obtaining this information than putting each alternative in its own
+ capturing parentheses.
+ .P
+ A name may also be returned after a failed match if the final path through the
+ pattern involves (*MARK). However, unless (*MARK) used in conjunction with
+ (*COMMIT), this is unlikely to happen for an unanchored pattern because, as the
+ starting point for matching is advanced, the final check is often with an empty
+ string, causing a failure before (*MARK) is reached. For example:
+ .sp
+   /X(*MARK:A)Y|X(*MARK:B)Z/K
+   XP
+   No match
+ .sp
+ There are three potential starting points for this match (starting with X,
+ starting with P, and with an empty string). If the pattern is anchored, the
+ result is different:
+ .sp
+   /^X(*MARK:A)Y|^X(*MARK:B)Z/K
+   XP
+   No match, mark = B
+ .sp
+ PCRE's start-of-match optimizations can also interfere with this. For example,
+ if, as a result of a call to \fBpcre_study()\fP, it knows the minimum
+ subject length for a match, a shorter subject will not be scanned at all.
+ .P
+ Note that similar anomalies (though different in detail) exist in Perl, no
+ doubt for the same reasons. The use of (*MARK) data after a failed match of an
+ unanchored pattern is not recommended, unless (*COMMIT) is involved.
+ .
+ .
  .SS "Verbs that act after backtracking"
  .rs
  .sp
  The following verbs do nothing when they are encountered. Matching continues
- with what follows, but if there is no subsequent match, a failure is forced.
+ with what follows, but if there is no subsequent match, causing a backtrack to
- The verbs differ in exactly what kind of failure occurs.
+ the verb, a failure is forced. That is, backtracking cannot pass to the left of
+ the verb. However, when one of these verbs appears inside an atomic group, its
+ effect is confined to that group, because once the group has been matched,
+ there is never any backtracking into it. In this situation, backtracking can
+ "jump back" to the left of the entire atomic group. (Remember also, as stated
+ above, that this localization also applies in subroutine calls and assertions.)
+ .P
+ These verbs differ in exactly what kind of failure occurs when backtracking
+ reaches them.
  .sp
    (*COMMIT)
  .sp
- This verb causes the whole match to fail outright if the rest of the pattern
+ This verb, which may not be followed by a name, causes the whole match to fail
- does not match. Even if the pattern is unanchored, no further attempts to find
+ outright if the rest of the pattern does not match. Even if the pattern is
- a match by advancing the start point take place. Once (*COMMIT) has been
+ unanchored, no further attempts to find a match by advancing the starting point
- passed, \fBpcre_exec()\fP is committed to finding a match at the current
+ take place. Once (*COMMIT) has been passed, \fBpcre_exec()\fP is committed to
- starting point, or not at all. For example:
+ finding a match at the current starting point, or not at all. For example:
  .sp
    a+(*COMMIT)b
  .sp
  This matches "xxaab" but not "aacaab". It can be thought of as a kind of
- dynamic anchor, or "I've started, so I must finish."
+ dynamic anchor, or "I've started, so I must finish." The name of the most
- .sp
+ recently passed (*MARK) in the path is passed back when (*COMMIT) forces a
-   (*PRUNE)
+ match failure.
- .sp
+ .P
- This verb causes the match to fail at the current position if the rest of the
+ Note that (*COMMIT) at the start of a pattern is not the same as an anchor,
- pattern does not match. If the pattern is unanchored, the normal "bumpalong"
+ unless PCRE's start-of-match optimizations are turned off, as shown in this
- advance to the next starting character then happens. Backtracking can occur as
+ \fBpcretest\fP example:
- usual to the left of (*PRUNE), or when matching to the right of (*PRUNE), but
+ .sp
- if there is no match to the right, backtracking cannot cross (*PRUNE).
+   /(*COMMIT)abc/
- In simple cases, the use of (*PRUNE) is just an alternative to an atomic
+   xyzabc
- group or possessive quantifier, but there are some uses of (*PRUNE) that cannot
+: abc
- be expressed in any other way.
+   xyzabc\eY
+   No match
+ .sp
+ PCRE knows that any match must start with "a", so the optimization skips along
+ the subject to "a" before running the first match attempt, which succeeds. When
+ the optimization is disabled by the \eY escape in the second subject, the match
+ starts at "x" and so the (*COMMIT) causes it to fail without trying any other
+ starting points.
+ .sp
+   (*PRUNE) or (*PRUNE:NAME)
+ .sp
+ This verb causes the match to fail at the current starting position in the
+ subject if the rest of the pattern does not match. If the pattern is
+ unanchored, the normal "bumpalong" advance to the next starting character then
+ happens. Backtracking can occur as usual to the left of (*PRUNE), before it is
+ reached, or when matching to the right of (*PRUNE), but if there is no match to
+ the right, backtracking cannot cross (*PRUNE). In simple cases, the use of
+ (*PRUNE) is just an alternative to an atomic group or possessive quantifier,
+ but there are some uses of (*PRUNE) that cannot be expressed in any other way.
+ The behaviour of (*PRUNE:NAME) is the same as (*MARK:NAME)(*PRUNE) when the
+ match fails completely; the name is passed back if this is the final attempt.
+ (*PRUNE:NAME) does not pass back a name if the match succeeds. In an anchored
+ pattern (*PRUNE) has the same effect as (*COMMIT).
  .sp
    (*SKIP)
  .sp
- This verb is like (*PRUNE), except that if the pattern is unanchored, the
+ This verb, when given without a name, is like (*PRUNE), except that if the
- "bumpalong" advance is not to the next character, but to the position in the
+ pattern is unanchored, the "bumpalong" advance is not to the next character,
- subject where (*SKIP) was encountered. (*SKIP) signifies that whatever text
+ but to the position in the subject where (*SKIP) was encountered. (*SKIP)
- was matched leading up to it cannot be part of a successful match. Consider:
+ signifies that whatever text was matched leading up to it cannot be part of a
+ successful match. Consider:
  .sp
    a+(*SKIP)b
  .sp
  If the subject is "aaaac...", after the first match attempt fails (starting at
  the first character in the string), the starting point skips on to start the
  next attempt at "c". Note that a possessive quantifer does not have the same
- effect in this example; although it would suppress backtracking during the
+ effect as this example; although it would suppress backtracking during the
  first match attempt, the second attempt would start at the second character
  instead of skipping on to "c".
  .sp
-   (*THEN)
+   (*SKIP:NAME)
  .sp
- This verb causes a skip to the next alternation if the rest of the pattern does
+ When (*SKIP) has an associated name, its behaviour is modified. If the
- not match. That is, it cancels pending backtracking, but only within the
+ following pattern fails to match, the previous path through the pattern is
- current alternation. Its name comes from the observation that it can be used
+ searched for the most recent (*MARK) that has the same name. If one is found,
- for a pattern-based if-then-else block:
+ the "bumpalong" advance is to the subject position that corresponds to that
+ (*MARK) instead of to where (*SKIP) was encountered. If no (*MARK) with a
+ matching name is found, normal "bumpalong" of one character happens (the
+ (*SKIP) is ignored).
+ .sp
+   (*THEN) or (*THEN:NAME)
+ .sp
+ This verb causes a skip to the next alternation in the innermost enclosing
+ group if the rest of the pattern does not match. That is, it cancels pending
+ backtracking, but only within the current alternation. Its name comes from the
+ observation that it can be used for a pattern-based if-then-else block:
  .sp
    ( COND1 (*THEN) FOO | COND2 (*THEN) BAR | COND3 (*THEN) BAZ ) ...
  .sp
  If the COND1 pattern matches, FOO is tried (and possibly further items after
  the end of the group if FOO succeeds); on failure the matcher skips to the
- second alternative and tries COND2, without backtracking into COND1. If (*THEN)
+ second alternative and tries COND2, without backtracking into COND1. The
- is used outside of any alternation, it acts exactly like (*PRUNE).
+ behaviour of (*THEN:NAME) is exactly the same as (*MARK:NAME)(*THEN) if the
+ overall match fails. If (*THEN) is not directly inside an alternation, it acts
+ like (*PRUNE).
+ .
+ .P
+ The above verbs provide four different "strengths" of control when subsequent
+ matching fails. (*THEN) is the weakest, carrying on the match at the next
+ alternation. (*PRUNE) comes next, failing the match at the current starting
+ position, but allowing an advance to the next character (for an unanchored
+ pattern). (*SKIP) is similar, except that the advance may be more than one
+ character. (*COMMIT) is the strongest, causing the entire match to fail.
+ .P
+ If more than one is present in a pattern, the "stongest" one wins. For example,
+ consider this pattern, where A, B, etc. are complex pattern fragments:
+ .sp
+   (A(*COMMIT)B(*THEN)C|D)
+ .sp
+ Once A has matched, PCRE is committed to this match, at the current starting
+ position. If subsequently B matches, but C does not, the normal (*THEN) action
+ of trying the next alternation (that is, D) does not happen because (*COMMIT)
+ overrides.
  .
  .
  .SH "SEE ALSO"
  .rs
  .sp
- \fBpcreapi\fP(3), \fBpcrecallout\fP(3), \fBpcrematching\fP(3), \fBpcre\fP(3).
+ \fBpcreapi\fP(3), \fBpcrecallout\fP(3), \fBpcrematching\fP(3),
+ \fBpcresyntax\fP(3), \fBpcre\fP(3).
  .
  .
  .SH AUTHOR
-Line 2192 
 Cambridge CB2 3QH, England.
+Line 2684 
 Cambridge CB2 3QH, England.
  .rs
  .sp
  .nf
- Last updated: 17 September 2007
+ Last updated: 10 October 2010
- Copyright (c) 1997-2007 University of Cambridge.
+ Copyright (c) 1997-2010 University of Cambridge.
  .fi

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