/[pcre]/code/trunk/doc/pcreapi.3

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-revision 65 by nigel,
Sat Feb 24 21:40:08 2007 UTC
+revision 75 by nigel,
Sat Feb 24 21:40:37 2007 UTC
 Line 1
  .TH PCRE 3
  .SH NAME
  PCRE - Perl-compatible regular expressions
- .SH SYNOPSIS OF PCRE API
+ .SH "PCRE NATIVE API"
  .rs
  .sp
  .B #include <pcre.h>
  .PP
  .SM
  .br
- .B pcre *pcre_compile(const char *\fIpattern\fR, int \fIoptions\fR,
+ .B pcre *pcre_compile(const char *\fIpattern\fP, int \fIoptions\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B const char **\fIerrptr\fR, int *\fIerroffset\fR,
+ .B const char **\fIerrptr\fP, int *\fIerroffset\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B const unsigned char *\fItableptr\fR);
+ .B const unsigned char *\fItableptr\fP);
  .PP
  .br
- .B pcre_extra *pcre_study(const pcre *\fIcode\fR, int \fIoptions\fR,
+ .B pcre_extra *pcre_study(const pcre *\fIcode\fP, int \fIoptions\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B const char **\fIerrptr\fR);
+ .B const char **\fIerrptr\fP);
  .PP
  .br
- .B int pcre_exec(const pcre *\fIcode\fR, "const pcre_extra *\fIextra\fR,"
+ .B int pcre_exec(const pcre *\fIcode\fP, "const pcre_extra *\fIextra\fP,"
  .ti +5n
- .B "const char *\fIsubject\fR," int \fIlength\fR, int \fIstartoffset\fR,
+ .B "const char *\fIsubject\fP," int \fIlength\fP, int \fIstartoffset\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B int \fIoptions\fR, int *\fIovector\fR, int \fIovecsize\fR);
+ .B int \fIoptions\fP, int *\fIovector\fP, int \fIovecsize\fP);
  .PP
  .br
- .B int pcre_copy_named_substring(const pcre *\fIcode\fR,
+ .B int pcre_copy_named_substring(const pcre *\fIcode\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B const char *\fIsubject\fR, int *\fIovector\fR,
+ .B const char *\fIsubject\fP, int *\fIovector\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B int \fIstringcount\fR, const char *\fIstringname\fR,
+ .B int \fIstringcount\fP, const char *\fIstringname\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B char *\fIbuffer\fR, int \fIbuffersize\fR);
+ .B char *\fIbuffer\fP, int \fIbuffersize\fP);
  .PP
  .br
- .B int pcre_copy_substring(const char *\fIsubject\fR, int *\fIovector\fR,
+ .B int pcre_copy_substring(const char *\fIsubject\fP, int *\fIovector\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B int \fIstringcount\fR, int \fIstringnumber\fR, char *\fIbuffer\fR,
+ .B int \fIstringcount\fP, int \fIstringnumber\fP, char *\fIbuffer\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B int \fIbuffersize\fR);
+ .B int \fIbuffersize\fP);
  .PP
  .br
- .B int pcre_get_named_substring(const pcre *\fIcode\fR,
+ .B int pcre_get_named_substring(const pcre *\fIcode\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B const char *\fIsubject\fR, int *\fIovector\fR,
+ .B const char *\fIsubject\fP, int *\fIovector\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B int \fIstringcount\fR, const char *\fIstringname\fR,
+ .B int \fIstringcount\fP, const char *\fIstringname\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B const char **\fIstringptr\fR);
+ .B const char **\fIstringptr\fP);
  .PP
  .br
- .B int pcre_get_stringnumber(const pcre *\fIcode\fR,
+ .B int pcre_get_stringnumber(const pcre *\fIcode\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B const char *\fIname\fR);
+ .B const char *\fIname\fP);
  .PP
  .br
- .B int pcre_get_substring(const char *\fIsubject\fR, int *\fIovector\fR,
+ .B int pcre_get_substring(const char *\fIsubject\fP, int *\fIovector\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B int \fIstringcount\fR, int \fIstringnumber\fR,
+ .B int \fIstringcount\fP, int \fIstringnumber\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B const char **\fIstringptr\fR);
+ .B const char **\fIstringptr\fP);
  .PP
  .br
- .B int pcre_get_substring_list(const char *\fIsubject\fR,
+ .B int pcre_get_substring_list(const char *\fIsubject\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B int *\fIovector\fR, int \fIstringcount\fR, "const char ***\fIlistptr\fR);"
+ .B int *\fIovector\fP, int \fIstringcount\fP, "const char ***\fIlistptr\fP);"
  .PP
  .br
- .B void pcre_free_substring(const char *\fIstringptr\fR);
+ .B void pcre_free_substring(const char *\fIstringptr\fP);
  .PP
  .br
- .B void pcre_free_substring_list(const char **\fIstringptr\fR);
+ .B void pcre_free_substring_list(const char **\fIstringptr\fP);
  .PP
  .br
  .B const unsigned char *pcre_maketables(void);
  .PP
  .br
- .B int pcre_fullinfo(const pcre *\fIcode\fR, "const pcre_extra *\fIextra\fR,"
+ .B int pcre_fullinfo(const pcre *\fIcode\fP, "const pcre_extra *\fIextra\fP,"
  .ti +5n
- .B int \fIwhat\fR, void *\fIwhere\fR);
+ .B int \fIwhat\fP, void *\fIwhere\fP);
  .PP
  .br
- .B int pcre_info(const pcre *\fIcode\fR, int *\fIoptptr\fR, int
+ .B int pcre_info(const pcre *\fIcode\fP, int *\fIoptptr\fP, int
- .B *\fIfirstcharptr\fR);
+ .B *\fIfirstcharptr\fP);
  .PP
  .br
- .B int pcre_config(int \fIwhat\fR, void *\fIwhere\fR);
+ .B int pcre_config(int \fIwhat\fP, void *\fIwhere\fP);
  .PP
  .br
  .B char *pcre_version(void);
 Line 99 
 PCRE - Perl-compatible regular expressio
  .B void (*pcre_free)(void *);
  .PP
  .br
+ .B void *(*pcre_stack_malloc)(size_t);
+ .PP
+ .br
+ .B void (*pcre_stack_free)(void *);
+ .PP
+ .br
  .B int (*pcre_callout)(pcre_callout_block *);
+ .
- .SH PCRE API
+ .
+ .SH "PCRE API OVERVIEW"
  .rs
  .sp
  PCRE has its own native API, which is described in this document. There is also
  a set of wrapper functions that correspond to the POSIX regular expression API.
- These are described in the \fBpcreposix\fR documentation.
+ These are described in the
+ .\" HREF
- The native API function prototypes are defined in the header file \fBpcre.h\fR,
+ \fBpcreposix\fP
- and on Unix systems the library itself is called \fBlibpcre.a\fR, so can be
+ .\"
- accessed by adding \fB-lpcre\fR to the command for linking an application which
+ documentation.
- calls it. The header file defines the macros PCRE_MAJOR and PCRE_MINOR to
+ .P
- contain the major and minor release numbers for the library. Applications can
+ The native API function prototypes are defined in the header file \fBpcre.h\fP,
- use these to include support for different releases.
+ and on Unix systems the library itself is called \fBlibpcre\fP. It can
+ normally be accessed by adding \fB-lpcre\fP to the command for linking an
- The functions \fBpcre_compile()\fR, \fBpcre_study()\fR, and \fBpcre_exec()\fR
+ application that uses PCRE. The header file defines the macros PCRE_MAJOR and
+ PCRE_MINOR to contain the major and minor release numbers for the library.
+ Applications can use these to include support for different releases of PCRE.
+ .P
+ The functions \fBpcre_compile()\fP, \fBpcre_study()\fP, and \fBpcre_exec()\fP
  are used for compiling and matching regular expressions. A sample program that
- demonstrates the simplest way of using them is given in the file
+ demonstrates the simplest way of using them is provided in the file called
- \fIpcredemo.c\fR. The \fBpcresample\fR documentation describes how to run it.
+ \fIpcredemo.c\fP in the source distribution. The
+ .\" HREF
- There are convenience functions for extracting captured substrings from a
+ \fBpcresample\fP
- matched subject string. They are:
+ .\"
+ documentation describes how to run it.
-   \fBpcre_copy_substring()\fR
+ .P
-   \fBpcre_copy_named_substring()\fR
+ In addition to the main compiling and matching functions, there are convenience
-   \fBpcre_get_substring()\fR
+ functions for extracting captured substrings from a matched subject string.
-   \fBpcre_get_named_substring()\fR
+ They are:
-   \fBpcre_get_substring_list()\fR
+ .sp
+   \fBpcre_copy_substring()\fP
- \fBpcre_free_substring()\fR and \fBpcre_free_substring_list()\fR are also
+   \fBpcre_copy_named_substring()\fP
+   \fBpcre_get_substring()\fP
+   \fBpcre_get_named_substring()\fP
+   \fBpcre_get_substring_list()\fP
+   \fBpcre_get_stringnumber()\fP
+ .sp
+ \fBpcre_free_substring()\fP and \fBpcre_free_substring_list()\fP are also
  provided, to free the memory used for extracted strings.
+ .P
- The function \fBpcre_maketables()\fR is used (optionally) to build a set of
+ The function \fBpcre_maketables()\fP is used to build a set of character tables
- character tables in the current locale for passing to \fBpcre_compile()\fR.
+ in the current locale for passing to \fBpcre_compile()\fP or \fBpcre_exec()\fP.
+ This is an optional facility that is provided for specialist use. Most
- The function \fBpcre_fullinfo()\fR is used to find out information about a
+ commonly, no special tables are passed, in which case internal tables that are
- compiled pattern; \fBpcre_info()\fR is an obsolete version which returns only
+ generated when PCRE is built are used.
+ .P
+ The function \fBpcre_fullinfo()\fP is used to find out information about a
+ compiled pattern; \fBpcre_info()\fP is an obsolete version that returns only
  some of the available information, but is retained for backwards compatibility.
- The function \fBpcre_version()\fR returns a pointer to a string containing the
+ The function \fBpcre_version()\fP returns a pointer to a string containing the
  version of PCRE and its date of release.
+ .P
- The global variables \fBpcre_malloc\fR and \fBpcre_free\fR initially contain
+ The global variables \fBpcre_malloc\fP and \fBpcre_free\fP initially contain
- the entry points of the standard \fBmalloc()\fR and \fBfree()\fR functions
+ the entry points of the standard \fBmalloc()\fP and \fBfree()\fP functions,
  respectively. PCRE calls the memory management functions via these variables,
  so a calling program can replace them if it wishes to intercept the calls. This
  should be done before calling any PCRE functions.
+ .P
- The global variable \fBpcre_callout\fR initially contains NULL. It can be set
+ The global variables \fBpcre_stack_malloc\fP and \fBpcre_stack_free\fP are also
+ indirections to memory management functions. These special functions are used
+ only when PCRE is compiled to use the heap for remembering data, instead of
+ recursive function calls. This is a non-standard way of building PCRE, for use
+ in environments that have limited stacks. Because of the greater use of memory
+ management, it runs more slowly. Separate functions are provided so that
+ special-purpose external code can be used for this case. When used, these
+ functions are always called in a stack-like manner (last obtained, first
+ freed), and always for memory blocks of the same size.
+ .P
+ The global variable \fBpcre_callout\fP initially contains NULL. It can be set
  by the caller to a "callout" function, which PCRE will then call at specified
- points during a matching operation. Details are given in the \fBpcrecallout\fR
+ points during a matching operation. Details are given in the
+ .\" HREF
+ \fBpcrecallout\fP
+ .\"
  documentation.
+ .
+ .
  .SH MULTITHREADING
  .rs
  .sp
  The PCRE functions can be used in multi-threading applications, with the
- proviso that the memory management functions pointed to by \fBpcre_malloc\fR
+ proviso that the memory management functions pointed to by \fBpcre_malloc\fP,
- and \fBpcre_free\fR, and the callout function pointed to by \fBpcre_callout\fR,
+ \fBpcre_free\fP, \fBpcre_stack_malloc\fP, and \fBpcre_stack_free\fP, and the
- are shared by all threads.
+ callout function pointed to by \fBpcre_callout\fP, are shared by all threads.
+ .P
  The compiled form of a regular expression is not altered during matching, so
  the same compiled pattern can safely be used by several threads at once.
+ .
- .SH CHECKING BUILD-TIME OPTIONS
+ .
+ .SH "SAVING PRECOMPILED PATTERNS FOR LATER USE"
  .rs
  .sp
- .B int pcre_config(int \fIwhat\fR, void *\fIwhere\fR);
+ The compiled form of a regular expression can be saved and re-used at a later
+ time, possibly by a different program, and even on a host other than the one on
+ which it was compiled. Details are given in the
+ .\" HREF
+ \fBpcreprecompile\fP
+ .\"
+ documentation.
+ .
+ .
+ .SH "CHECKING BUILD-TIME OPTIONS"
+ .rs
+ .sp
+ .B int pcre_config(int \fIwhat\fP, void *\fIwhere\fP);
  .PP
- The function \fBpcre_config()\fR makes it possible for a PCRE client to
+ The function \fBpcre_config()\fP makes it possible for a PCRE client to
  discover which optional features have been compiled into the PCRE library. The
  .\" HREF
- \fBpcrebuild\fR
+ \fBpcrebuild\fP
  .\"
  documentation has more details about these optional features.
+ .P
- The first argument for \fBpcre_config()\fR is an integer, specifying which
+ The first argument for \fBpcre_config()\fP is an integer, specifying which
  information is required; the second argument is a pointer to a variable into
  which the information is placed. The following information is available:
+ .sp
    PCRE_CONFIG_UTF8
+ .sp
  The output is an integer that is set to one if UTF-8 support is available;
  otherwise it is set to zero.
+ .sp
+   PCRE_CONFIG_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
+ .sp
+ The output is an integer that is set to one if support for Unicode character
+ properties is available; otherwise it is set to zero.
+ .sp
    PCRE_CONFIG_NEWLINE
+ .sp
  The output is an integer that is set to the value of the code that is used for
  the newline character. It is either linefeed (10) or carriage return (13), and
  should normally be the standard character for your operating system.
+ .sp
    PCRE_CONFIG_LINK_SIZE
+ .sp
  The output is an integer that contains the number of bytes used for internal
  linkage in compiled regular expressions. The value is 2, 3, or 4. Larger values
  allow larger regular expressions to be compiled, at the expense of slower
  matching. The default value of 2 is sufficient for all but the most massive
  patterns, since it allows the compiled pattern to be up to 64K in size.
+ .sp
    PCRE_CONFIG_POSIX_MALLOC_THRESHOLD
+ .sp
  The output is an integer that contains the threshold above which the POSIX
- interface uses \fBmalloc()\fR for output vectors. Further details are given in
+ interface uses \fBmalloc()\fP for output vectors. Further details are given in
- the \fBpcreposix\fR documentation.
+ the
+ .\" HREF
+ \fBpcreposix\fP
+ .\"
+ documentation.
+ .sp
    PCRE_CONFIG_MATCH_LIMIT
+ .sp
  The output is an integer that gives the default limit for the number of
- internal matching function calls in a \fBpcre_exec()\fR execution. Further
+ internal matching function calls in a \fBpcre_exec()\fP execution. Further
- details are given with \fBpcre_exec()\fR below.
+ details are given with \fBpcre_exec()\fP below.
+ .sp
- .SH COMPILING A PATTERN
+   PCRE_CONFIG_STACKRECURSE
+ .sp
+ The output is an integer that is set to one if internal recursion is
+ implemented by recursive function calls that use the stack to remember their
+ state. This is the usual way that PCRE is compiled. The output is zero if PCRE
+ was compiled to use blocks of data on the heap instead of recursive function
+ calls. In this case, \fBpcre_stack_malloc\fP and \fBpcre_stack_free\fP are
+ called to manage memory blocks on the heap, thus avoiding the use of the stack.
+ .
+ .
+ .SH "COMPILING A PATTERN"
  .rs
  .sp
- .B pcre *pcre_compile(const char *\fIpattern\fR, int \fIoptions\fR,
+ .B pcre *pcre_compile(const char *\fIpattern\fP, int \fIoptions\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B const char **\fIerrptr\fR, int *\fIerroffset\fR,
+ .B const char **\fIerrptr\fP, int *\fIerroffset\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B const unsigned char *\fItableptr\fR);
+ .B const unsigned char *\fItableptr\fP);
- .PP
+ .P
+ The function \fBpcre_compile()\fP is called to compile a pattern into an
- The function \fBpcre_compile()\fR is called to compile a pattern into an
  internal form. The pattern is a C string terminated by a binary zero, and
- is passed in the argument \fIpattern\fR. A pointer to a single block of memory
+ is passed in the \fIpattern\fP argument. A pointer to a single block of memory
- that is obtained via \fBpcre_malloc\fR is returned. This contains the compiled
+ that is obtained via \fBpcre_malloc\fP is returned. This contains the compiled
- code and related data. The \fBpcre\fR type is defined for the returned block;
+ code and related data. The \fBpcre\fP type is defined for the returned block;
  this is a typedef for a structure whose contents are not externally defined. It
  is up to the caller to free the memory when it is no longer required.
+ .P
  Although the compiled code of a PCRE regex is relocatable, that is, it does not
- depend on memory location, the complete \fBpcre\fR data block is not
+ depend on memory location, the complete \fBpcre\fP data block is not
- fully relocatable, because it contains a copy of the \fItableptr\fR argument,
+ fully relocatable, because it may contain a copy of the \fItableptr\fP
- which is an address (see below).
+ argument, which is an address (see below).
+ .P
- The \fIoptions\fR argument contains independent bits that affect the
+ The \fIoptions\fP argument contains independent bits that affect the
- compilation. It should be zero if no options are required. Some of the options,
+ compilation. It should be zero if no options are required. The available
- in particular, those that are compatible with Perl, can also be set and unset
+ options are described below. Some of them, in particular, those that are
- from within the pattern (see the detailed description of regular expressions
+ compatible with Perl, can also be set and unset from within the pattern (see
- in the \fBpcrepattern\fR documentation). For these options, the contents of the
+ the detailed description in the
- \fIoptions\fR argument specifies their initial settings at the start of
+ .\" HREF
- compilation and execution. The PCRE_ANCHORED option can be set at the time of
+ \fBpcrepattern\fP
- matching as well as at compile time.
+ .\"
+ documentation). For these options, the contents of the \fIoptions\fP argument
- If \fIerrptr\fR is NULL, \fBpcre_compile()\fR returns NULL immediately.
+ specifies their initial settings at the start of compilation and execution. The
- Otherwise, if compilation of a pattern fails, \fBpcre_compile()\fR returns
+ PCRE_ANCHORED option can be set at the time of matching as well as at compile
- NULL, and sets the variable pointed to by \fIerrptr\fR to point to a textual
+ time.
+ .P
+ If \fIerrptr\fP is NULL, \fBpcre_compile()\fP returns NULL immediately.
+ Otherwise, if compilation of a pattern fails, \fBpcre_compile()\fP returns
+ NULL, and sets the variable pointed to by \fIerrptr\fP to point to a textual
  error message. The offset from the start of the pattern to the character where
  the error was discovered is placed in the variable pointed to by
- \fIerroffset\fR, which must not be NULL. If it is, an immediate error is given.
+ \fIerroffset\fP, which must not be NULL. If it is, an immediate error is given.
+ .P
- If the final argument, \fItableptr\fR, is NULL, PCRE uses a default set of
+ If the final argument, \fItableptr\fP, is NULL, PCRE uses a default set of
- character tables which are built when it is compiled, using the default C
+ character tables that are built when PCRE is compiled, using the default C
- locale. Otherwise, \fItableptr\fR must be the result of a call to
+ locale. Otherwise, \fItableptr\fP must be an address that is the result of a
- \fBpcre_maketables()\fR. See the section on locale support below.
+ call to \fBpcre_maketables()\fP. This value is stored with the compiled
+ pattern, and used again by \fBpcre_exec()\fP, unless another table pointer is
- This code fragment shows a typical straightforward call to \fBpcre_compile()\fR:
+ passed to it. For more discussion, see the section on locale support below.
+ .P
+ This code fragment shows a typical straightforward call to \fBpcre_compile()\fP:
+ .sp
    pcre *re;
    const char *error;
    int erroffset;
-Line 265 
 This code fragment shows a typical strai
+Line 336 
 This code fragment shows a typical strai
      &error,           /* for error message */
      &erroffset,       /* for error offset */
      NULL);            /* use default character tables */
+ .sp
- The following option bits are defined:
+ The following names for option bits are defined in the \fBpcre.h\fP header
+ file:
+ .sp
    PCRE_ANCHORED
+ .sp
  If this bit is set, the pattern is forced to be "anchored", that is, it is
- constrained to match only at the first matching point in the string which is
+ constrained to match only at the first matching point in the string that is
  being searched (the "subject string"). This effect can also be achieved by
  appropriate constructs in the pattern itself, which is the only way to do it in
  Perl.
+ .sp
+   PCRE_AUTO_CALLOUT
+ .sp
+ If this bit is set, \fBpcre_compile()\fP automatically inserts callout items,
+ all with number 255, before each pattern item. For discussion of the callout
+ facility, see the
+ .\" HREF
+ \fBpcrecallout\fP
+ .\"
+ documentation.
+ .sp
    PCRE_CASELESS
+ .sp
  If this bit is set, letters in the pattern match both upper and lower case
  letters. It is equivalent to Perl's /i option, and it can be changed within a
- pattern by a (?i) option setting.
+ pattern by a (?i) option setting. When running in UTF-8 mode, case support for
+ high-valued characters is available only when PCRE is built with Unicode
+ character property support.
+ .sp
    PCRE_DOLLAR_ENDONLY
+ .sp
  If this bit is set, a dollar metacharacter in the pattern matches only at the
  end of the subject string. Without this option, a dollar also matches
  immediately before the final character if it is a newline (but not before any
  other newlines). The PCRE_DOLLAR_ENDONLY option is ignored if PCRE_MULTILINE is
  set. There is no equivalent to this option in Perl, and no way to set it within
  a pattern.
+ .sp
    PCRE_DOTALL
+ .sp
  If this bit is set, a dot metacharater in the pattern matches all characters,
  including newlines. Without it, newlines are excluded. This option is
  equivalent to Perl's /s option, and it can be changed within a pattern by a
  (?s) option setting. A negative class such as [^a] always matches a newline
  character, independent of the setting of this option.
+ .sp
    PCRE_EXTENDED
+ .sp
  If this bit is set, whitespace data characters in the pattern are totally
  ignored except when escaped or inside a character class. Whitespace does not
  include the VT character (code 11). In addition, characters between an
  unescaped # outside a character class and the next newline character,
  inclusive, are also ignored. This is equivalent to Perl's /x option, and it can
  be changed within a pattern by a (?x) option setting.
+ .P
  This option makes it possible to include comments inside complicated patterns.
  Note, however, that this applies only to data characters. Whitespace characters
  may never appear within special character sequences in a pattern, for example
  within the sequence (?( which introduces a conditional subpattern.
+ .sp
    PCRE_EXTRA
+ .sp
  This option was invented in order to turn on additional functionality of PCRE
  that is incompatible with Perl, but it is currently of very little use. When
  set, any backslash in a pattern that is followed by a letter that has no
-Line 323 
 expansion. By default, as in Perl, a bac
+Line 407 
 expansion. By default, as in Perl, a bac
  special meaning is treated as a literal. There are at present no other features
  controlled by this option. It can also be set by a (?X) option setting within a
  pattern.
+ .sp
    PCRE_MULTILINE
+ .sp
- By default, PCRE treats the subject string as consisting of a single "line" of
+ By default, PCRE treats the subject string as consisting of a single line of
- characters (even if it actually contains several newlines). The "start of line"
+ characters (even if it actually contains newlines). The "start of line"
  metacharacter (^) matches only at the start of the string, while the "end of
  line" metacharacter ($) matches only at the end of the string, or before a
  terminating newline (unless PCRE_DOLLAR_ENDONLY is set). This is the same as
  Perl.
+ .P
  When PCRE_MULTILINE it is set, the "start of line" and "end of line" constructs
  match immediately following or immediately before any newline in the subject
  string, respectively, as well as at the very start and end. This is equivalent
  to Perl's /m option, and it can be changed within a pattern by a (?m) option
- setting. If there are no "\\n" characters in a subject string, or no
+ setting. If there are no "\en" characters in a subject string, or no
  occurrences of ^ or $ in a pattern, setting PCRE_MULTILINE has no effect.
+ .sp
    PCRE_NO_AUTO_CAPTURE
+ .sp
  If this option is set, it disables the use of numbered capturing parentheses in
  the pattern. Any opening parenthesis that is not followed by ? behaves as if it
  were followed by ?: but named parentheses can still be used for capturing (and
  they acquire numbers in the usual way). There is no equivalent of this option
  in Perl.
+ .sp
    PCRE_UNGREEDY
+ .sp
  This option inverts the "greediness" of the quantifiers so that they are not
  greedy by default, but become greedy if followed by "?". It is not compatible
  with Perl. It can also be set by a (?U) option setting within the pattern.
+ .sp
    PCRE_UTF8
+ .sp
  This option causes PCRE to regard both the pattern and the subject as strings
  of UTF-8 characters instead of single-byte character strings. However, it is
- available only if PCRE has been built to include UTF-8 support. If not, the use
+ available only when PCRE is built to include UTF-8 support. If not, the use
  of this option provokes an error. Details of how this option changes the
  behaviour of PCRE are given in the
  .\" HTML <a href="pcre.html#utf8support">
-Line 367 
 section on UTF-8 support
+Line 451 
 section on UTF-8 support
  .\"
  in the main
  .\" HREF
- \fBpcre\fR
+ \fBpcre\fP
  .\"
  page.
+ .sp
- .SH STUDYING A PATTERN
+   PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK
+ .sp
+ When PCRE_UTF8 is set, the validity of the pattern as a UTF-8 string is
+ automatically checked. If an invalid UTF-8 sequence of bytes is found,
+ \fBpcre_compile()\fP returns an error. If you already know that your pattern is
+ valid, and you want to skip this check for performance reasons, you can set the
+ PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK option. When it is set, the effect of passing an invalid
+ UTF-8 string as a pattern is undefined. It may cause your program to crash.
+ Note that this option can also be passed to \fBpcre_exec()\fP, to suppress the
+ UTF-8 validity checking of subject strings.
+ .
+ .
+ .SH "STUDYING A PATTERN"
  .rs
  .sp
- .B pcre_extra *pcre_study(const pcre *\fIcode\fR, int \fIoptions\fR,
+ .B pcre_extra *pcre_study(const pcre *\fIcode\fP, int \fIoptions\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B const char **\fIerrptr\fR);
+ .B const char **\fIerrptr\fP);
  .PP
- When a pattern is going to be used several times, it is worth spending more
+ If a compiled pattern is going to be used several times, it is worth spending
- time analyzing it in order to speed up the time taken for matching. The
+ more time analyzing it in order to speed up the time taken for matching. The
- function \fBpcre_study()\fR takes a pointer to a compiled pattern as its first
+ function \fBpcre_study()\fP takes a pointer to a compiled pattern as its first
- argument. If studing the pattern produces additional information that will help
+ argument. If studying the pattern produces additional information that will
- speed up matching, \fBpcre_study()\fR returns a pointer to a \fBpcre_extra\fR
+ help speed up matching, \fBpcre_study()\fP returns a pointer to a
- block, in which the \fIstudy_data\fR field points to the results of the study.
+ \fBpcre_extra\fP block, in which the \fIstudy_data\fP field points to the
+ results of the study.
- The returned value from a \fBpcre_study()\fR can be passed directly to
+ .P
- \fBpcre_exec()\fR. However, the \fBpcre_extra\fR block also contains other
+ The returned value from \fBpcre_study()\fP can be passed directly to
+ \fBpcre_exec()\fP. However, a \fBpcre_extra\fP block also contains other
  fields that can be set by the caller before the block is passed; these are
- described below. If studying the pattern does not produce any additional
+ described
- information, \fBpcre_study()\fR returns NULL. In that circumstance, if the
+ .\" HTML <a href="#extradata">
- calling program wants to pass some of the other fields to \fBpcre_exec()\fR, it
+ .\" </a>
- must set up its own \fBpcre_extra\fR block.
+ below
+ .\"
- The second argument contains option bits. At present, no options are defined
+ in the section on matching a pattern.
- for \fBpcre_study()\fR, and this argument should always be zero.
+ .P
+ If studying the pattern does not produce any additional information,
- The third argument for \fBpcre_study()\fR is a pointer for an error message. If
+ \fBpcre_study()\fP returns NULL. In that circumstance, if the calling program
+ wants to pass any of the other fields to \fBpcre_exec()\fP, it must set up its
+ own \fBpcre_extra\fP block.
+ .P
+ The second argument of \fBpcre_study()\fP contains option bits. At present, no
+ options are defined, and this argument should always be zero.
+ .P
+ The third argument for \fBpcre_study()\fP is a pointer for an error message. If
  studying succeeds (even if no data is returned), the variable it points to is
  set to NULL. Otherwise it points to a textual error message. You should
- therefore test the error pointer for NULL after calling \fBpcre_study()\fR, to
+ therefore test the error pointer for NULL after calling \fBpcre_study()\fP, to
  be sure that it has run successfully.
+ .P
- This is a typical call to \fBpcre_study\fR():
+ This is a typical call to \fBpcre_study\fP():
+ .sp
    pcre_extra *pe;
    pe = pcre_study(
      re,             /* result of pcre_compile() */
 ,              /* no options exist */
      &error);        /* set to NULL or points to a message */
+ .sp
  At present, studying a pattern is useful only for non-anchored patterns that do
  not have a single fixed starting character. A bitmap of possible starting
- characters is created.
+ bytes is created.
+ .
+ .
  .\" HTML <a name="localesupport"></a>
- .SH LOCALE SUPPORT
+ .SH "LOCALE SUPPORT"
  .rs
  .sp
  PCRE handles caseless matching, and determines whether characters are letters,
- digits, or whatever, by reference to a set of tables. When running in UTF-8
+ digits, or whatever, by reference to a set of tables, indexed by character
- mode, this applies only to characters with codes less than 256. The library
+ value. (When running in UTF-8 mode, this applies only to characters with codes
- contains a default set of tables that is created in the default C locale when
+ less than 128. Higher-valued codes never match escapes such as \ew or \ed, but
- PCRE is compiled. This is used when the final argument of \fBpcre_compile()\fR
+ can be tested with \ep if PCRE is built with Unicode character property
- is NULL, and is sufficient for many applications.
+ support.)
+ .P
- An alternative set of tables can, however, be supplied. Such tables are built
+ An internal set of tables is created in the default C locale when PCRE is
- by calling the \fBpcre_maketables()\fR function, which has no arguments, in the
+ built. This is used when the final argument of \fBpcre_compile()\fP is NULL,
- relevant locale. The result can then be passed to \fBpcre_compile()\fR as often
+ and is sufficient for many applications. An alternative set of tables can,
- as necessary. For example, to build and use tables that are appropriate for the
+ however, be supplied. These may be created in a different locale from the
- French locale (where accented characters with codes greater than 128 are
+ default. As more and more applications change to using Unicode, the need for
- treated as letters), the following code could be used:
+ this locale support is expected to die away.
+ .P
-   setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "fr");
+ External tables are built by calling the \fBpcre_maketables()\fP function,
+ which has no arguments, in the relevant locale. The result can then be passed
+ to \fBpcre_compile()\fP or \fBpcre_exec()\fP as often as necessary. For
+ example, to build and use tables that are appropriate for the French locale
+ (where accented characters with values greater than 128 are treated as letters),
+ the following code could be used:
+ .sp
+   setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "fr_FR");
    tables = pcre_maketables();
    re = pcre_compile(..., tables);
+ .sp
- The tables are built in memory that is obtained via \fBpcre_malloc\fR. The
+ When \fBpcre_maketables()\fP runs, the tables are built in memory that is
- pointer that is passed to \fBpcre_compile\fR is saved with the compiled
+ obtained via \fBpcre_malloc\fP. It is the caller's responsibility to ensure
- pattern, and the same tables are used via this pointer by \fBpcre_study()\fR
+ that the memory containing the tables remains available for as long as it is
- and \fBpcre_exec()\fR. Thus, for any single pattern, compilation, studying and
+ needed.
- matching all happen in the same locale, but different patterns can be compiled
+ .P
- in different locales. It is the caller's responsibility to ensure that the
+ The pointer that is passed to \fBpcre_compile()\fP is saved with the compiled
- memory containing the tables remains available for as long as it is needed.
+ pattern, and the same tables are used via this pointer by \fBpcre_study()\fP
+ and normally also by \fBpcre_exec()\fP. Thus, by default, for any single
- .SH INFORMATION ABOUT A PATTERN
+ pattern, compilation, studying and matching all happen in the same locale, but
+ different patterns can be compiled in different locales.
+ .P
+ It is possible to pass a table pointer or NULL (indicating the use of the
+ internal tables) to \fBpcre_exec()\fP. Although not intended for this purpose,
+ this facility could be used to match a pattern in a different locale from the
+ one in which it was compiled. Passing table pointers at run time is discussed
+ below in the section on matching a pattern.
+ .
+ .
+ .SH "INFORMATION ABOUT A PATTERN"
  .rs
  .sp
- .B int pcre_fullinfo(const pcre *\fIcode\fR, "const pcre_extra *\fIextra\fR,"
+ .B int pcre_fullinfo(const pcre *\fIcode\fP, "const pcre_extra *\fIextra\fP,"
  .ti +5n
- .B int \fIwhat\fR, void *\fIwhere\fR);
+ .B int \fIwhat\fP, void *\fIwhere\fP);
  .PP
- The \fBpcre_fullinfo()\fR function returns information about a compiled
+ The \fBpcre_fullinfo()\fP function returns information about a compiled
- pattern. It replaces the obsolete \fBpcre_info()\fR function, which is
+ pattern. It replaces the obsolete \fBpcre_info()\fP function, which is
  nevertheless retained for backwards compability (and is documented below).
+ .P
- The first argument for \fBpcre_fullinfo()\fR is a pointer to the compiled
+ The first argument for \fBpcre_fullinfo()\fP is a pointer to the compiled
- pattern. The second argument is the result of \fBpcre_study()\fR, or NULL if
+ pattern. The second argument is the result of \fBpcre_study()\fP, or NULL if
  the pattern was not studied. The third argument specifies which piece of
  information is required, and the fourth argument is a pointer to a variable
  to receive the data. The yield of the function is zero for success, or one of
  the following negative numbers:
+ .sp
-   PCRE_ERROR_NULL       the argument \fIcode\fR was NULL
+   PCRE_ERROR_NULL       the argument \fIcode\fP was NULL
-                         the argument \fIwhere\fR was NULL
+                         the argument \fIwhere\fP was NULL
    PCRE_ERROR_BADMAGIC   the "magic number" was not found
-   PCRE_ERROR_BADOPTION  the value of \fIwhat\fR was invalid
+   PCRE_ERROR_BADOPTION  the value of \fIwhat\fP was invalid
+ .sp
- Here is a typical call of \fBpcre_fullinfo()\fR, to obtain the length of the
+ The "magic number" is placed at the start of each compiled pattern as an simple
- compiled pattern:
+ check against passing an arbitrary memory pointer. Here is a typical call of
+ \fBpcre_fullinfo()\fP, to obtain the length of the compiled pattern:
+ .sp
    int rc;
    unsigned long int length;
    rc = pcre_fullinfo(
-Line 477 
 compiled pattern:
+Line 600 
 compiled pattern:
      pe,               /* result of pcre_study(), or NULL */
      PCRE_INFO_SIZE,   /* what is required */
      &length);         /* where to put the data */
+ .sp
- The possible values for the third argument are defined in \fBpcre.h\fR, and are
+ The possible values for the third argument are defined in \fBpcre.h\fP, and are
  as follows:
+ .sp
    PCRE_INFO_BACKREFMAX
+ .sp
  Return the number of the highest back reference in the pattern. The fourth
- argument should point to an \fBint\fR variable. Zero is returned if there are
+ argument should point to an \fBint\fP variable. Zero is returned if there are
  no back references.
+ .sp
    PCRE_INFO_CAPTURECOUNT
+ .sp
  Return the number of capturing subpatterns in the pattern. The fourth argument
- should point to an \fbint\fR variable.
+ should point to an \fBint\fP variable.
+ .sp
+   PCRE_INFO_DEFAULTTABLES
+ .sp
+ Return a pointer to the internal default character tables within PCRE. The
+ fourth argument should point to an \fBunsigned char *\fP variable. This
+ information call is provided for internal use by the \fBpcre_study()\fP
+ function. External callers can cause PCRE to use its internal tables by passing
+ a NULL table pointer.
+ .sp
    PCRE_INFO_FIRSTBYTE
+ .sp
  Return information about the first byte of any matched string, for a
  non-anchored pattern. (This option used to be called PCRE_INFO_FIRSTCHAR; the
  old name is still recognized for backwards compatibility.)
+ .P
- If there is a fixed first byte, e.g. from a pattern such as (cat|cow|coyote),
+ If there is a fixed first byte, for example, from a pattern such as
- it is returned in the integer pointed to by \fIwhere\fR. Otherwise, if either
+ (cat|cow|coyote), it is returned in the integer pointed to by \fIwhere\fP.
+ Otherwise, if either
+ .sp
  (a) the pattern was compiled with the PCRE_MULTILINE option, and every branch
  starts with "^", or
+ .sp
  (b) every branch of the pattern starts with ".*" and PCRE_DOTALL is not set
  (if it were set, the pattern would be anchored),
+ .sp
  -1 is returned, indicating that the pattern matches only at the start of a
  subject string or after any newline within the string. Otherwise -2 is
  returned. For anchored patterns, -2 is returned.
+ .sp
    PCRE_INFO_FIRSTTABLE
+ .sp
  If the pattern was studied, and this resulted in the construction of a 256-bit
  table indicating a fixed set of bytes for the first byte in any matching
  string, a pointer to the table is returned. Otherwise NULL is returned. The
- fourth argument should point to an \fBunsigned char *\fR variable.
+ fourth argument should point to an \fBunsigned char *\fP variable.
+ .sp
    PCRE_INFO_LASTLITERAL
+ .sp
  Return the value of the rightmost literal byte that must exist in any matched
  string, other than at its start, if such a byte has been recorded. The fourth
- argument should point to an \fBint\fR variable. If there is no such byte, -1 is
+ argument should point to an \fBint\fP variable. If there is no such byte, -1 is
  returned. For anchored patterns, a last literal byte is recorded only if it
  follows something of variable length. For example, for the pattern
- /^a\\d+z\\d+/ the returned value is "z", but for /^a\\dz\\d/ the returned value
+ /^a\ed+z\ed+/ the returned value is "z", but for /^a\edz\ed/ the returned value
  is -1.
+ .sp
    PCRE_INFO_NAMECOUNT
    PCRE_INFO_NAMEENTRYSIZE
    PCRE_INFO_NAMETABLE
+ .sp
  PCRE supports the use of named as well as numbered capturing parentheses. The
  names are just an additional way of identifying the parentheses, which still
- acquire a number. A caller that wants to extract data from a named subpattern
+ acquire numbers. A convenience function called \fBpcre_get_named_substring()\fP
- must convert the name to a number in order to access the correct pointers in
+ is provided for extracting an individual captured substring by name. It is also
- the output vector (described with \fBpcre_exec()\fR below). In order to do
+ possible to extract the data directly, by first converting the name to a number
- this, it must first use these three values to obtain the name-to-number mapping
+ in order to access the correct pointers in the output vector (described with
- table for the pattern.
+ \fBpcre_exec()\fP below). To do the conversion, you need to use the
+ name-to-number map, which is described by these three values.
+ .P
  The map consists of a number of fixed-size entries. PCRE_INFO_NAMECOUNT gives
  the number of entries, and PCRE_INFO_NAMEENTRYSIZE gives the size of each
- entry; both of these return an \fBint\fR value. The entry size depends on the
+ entry; both of these return an \fBint\fP value. The entry size depends on the
  length of the longest name. PCRE_INFO_NAMETABLE returns a pointer to the first
- entry of the table (a pointer to \fBchar\fR). The first two bytes of each entry
+ entry of the table (a pointer to \fBchar\fP). The first two bytes of each entry
  are the number of the capturing parenthesis, most significant byte first. The
  rest of the entry is the corresponding name, zero terminated. The names are in
  alphabetical order. For example, consider the following pattern (assume
  PCRE_EXTENDED is set, so white space - including newlines - is ignored):
+ .sp
-   (?P<date> (?P<year>(\\d\\d)?\\d\\d) -
+ .\" JOIN
-   (?P<month>\\d\\d) - (?P<day>\\d\\d) )
+   (?P<date> (?P<year>(\ed\ed)?\ed\ed) -
+   (?P<month>\ed\ed) - (?P<day>\ed\ed) )
+ .sp
  There are four named subpatterns, so the table has four entries, and each entry
  in the table is eight bytes long. The table is as follows, with non-printing
- bytes shows in hex, and undefined bytes shown as ??:
+ bytes shows in hexadecimal, and undefined bytes shown as ??:
+ .sp
 01 d  a  t  e  00 ??
 05 d  a  y  00 ?? ??
 04 m  o  n  t  h  00
 02 y  e  a  r  00 ??
+ .sp
- When writing code to extract data from named subpatterns, remember that the
+ When writing code to extract data from named subpatterns using the
- length of each entry may be different for each compiled pattern.
+ name-to-number map, remember that the length of each entry is likely to be
+ different for each compiled pattern.
+ .sp
    PCRE_INFO_OPTIONS
+ .sp
  Return a copy of the options with which the pattern was compiled. The fourth
- argument should point to an \fBunsigned long int\fR variable. These option bits
+ argument should point to an \fBunsigned long int\fP variable. These option bits
- are those specified in the call to \fBpcre_compile()\fR, modified by any
+ are those specified in the call to \fBpcre_compile()\fP, modified by any
  top-level option settings within the pattern itself.
+ .P
  A pattern is automatically anchored by PCRE if all of its top-level
  alternatives begin with one of the following:
+ .sp
    ^     unless PCRE_MULTILINE is set
-   \\A    always
+   \eA    always
-   \\G    always
+   \eG    always
+ .\" JOIN
    .*    if PCRE_DOTALL is set and there are no back
            references to the subpattern in which .* appears
+ .sp
  For such patterns, the PCRE_ANCHORED bit is set in the options returned by
- \fBpcre_fullinfo()\fR.
+ \fBpcre_fullinfo()\fP.
+ .sp
    PCRE_INFO_SIZE
+ .sp
  Return the size of the compiled pattern, that is, the value that was passed as
- the argument to \fBpcre_malloc()\fR when PCRE was getting memory in which to
+ the argument to \fBpcre_malloc()\fP when PCRE was getting memory in which to
- place the compiled data. The fourth argument should point to a \fBsize_t\fR
+ place the compiled data. The fourth argument should point to a \fBsize_t\fP
  variable.
+ .sp
    PCRE_INFO_STUDYSIZE
+ .sp
- Returns the size of the data block pointed to by the \fIstudy_data\fR field in
+ Return the size of the data block pointed to by the \fIstudy_data\fP field in
- a \fBpcre_extra\fR block. That is, it is the value that was passed to
+ a \fBpcre_extra\fP block. That is, it is the value that was passed to
- \fBpcre_malloc()\fR when PCRE was getting memory into which to place the data
+ \fBpcre_malloc()\fP when PCRE was getting memory into which to place the data
- created by \fBpcre_study()\fR. The fourth argument should point to a
+ created by \fBpcre_study()\fP. The fourth argument should point to a
- \fBsize_t\fR variable.
+ \fBsize_t\fP variable.
+ .
- .SH OBSOLETE INFO FUNCTION
+ .
+ .SH "OBSOLETE INFO FUNCTION"
  .rs
  .sp
- .B int pcre_info(const pcre *\fIcode\fR, int *\fIoptptr\fR, int
+ .B int pcre_info(const pcre *\fIcode\fP, int *\fIoptptr\fP, int
- .B *\fIfirstcharptr\fR);
+ .B *\fIfirstcharptr\fP);
  .PP
- The \fBpcre_info()\fR function is now obsolete because its interface is too
+ The \fBpcre_info()\fP function is now obsolete because its interface is too
  restrictive to return all the available data about a compiled pattern. New
- programs should use \fBpcre_fullinfo()\fR instead. The yield of
+ programs should use \fBpcre_fullinfo()\fP instead. The yield of
- \fBpcre_info()\fR is the number of capturing subpatterns, or one of the
+ \fBpcre_info()\fP is the number of capturing subpatterns, or one of the
  following negative numbers:
+ .sp
-   PCRE_ERROR_NULL       the argument \fIcode\fR was NULL
+   PCRE_ERROR_NULL       the argument \fIcode\fP was NULL
    PCRE_ERROR_BADMAGIC   the "magic number" was not found
+ .sp
- If the \fIoptptr\fR argument is not NULL, a copy of the options with which the
+ If the \fIoptptr\fP argument is not NULL, a copy of the options with which the
  pattern was compiled is placed in the integer it points to (see
  PCRE_INFO_OPTIONS above).
+ .P
- If the pattern is not anchored and the \fIfirstcharptr\fR argument is not NULL,
+ If the pattern is not anchored and the \fIfirstcharptr\fP argument is not NULL,
  it is used to pass back information about the first character of any matched
  string (see PCRE_INFO_FIRSTBYTE above).
+ .
- .SH MATCHING A PATTERN
+ .
+ .SH "MATCHING A PATTERN"
  .rs
  .sp
- .B int pcre_exec(const pcre *\fIcode\fR, "const pcre_extra *\fIextra\fR,"
+ .B int pcre_exec(const pcre *\fIcode\fP, "const pcre_extra *\fIextra\fP,"
  .ti +5n
- .B "const char *\fIsubject\fR," int \fIlength\fR, int \fIstartoffset\fR,
+ .B "const char *\fIsubject\fP," int \fIlength\fP, int \fIstartoffset\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B int \fIoptions\fR, int *\fIovector\fR, int \fIovecsize\fR);
+ .B int \fIoptions\fP, int *\fIovector\fP, int \fIovecsize\fP);
- .PP
+ .P
- The function \fBpcre_exec()\fR is called to match a subject string against a
+ The function \fBpcre_exec()\fP is called to match a subject string against a
- pre-compiled pattern, which is passed in the \fIcode\fR argument. If the
+ compiled pattern, which is passed in the \fIcode\fP argument. If the
  pattern has been studied, the result of the study should be passed in the
- \fIextra\fR argument.
+ \fIextra\fP argument.
+ .P
- Here is an example of a simple call to \fBpcre_exec()\fR:
+ In most applications, the pattern will have been compiled (and optionally
+ studied) in the same process that calls \fBpcre_exec()\fP. However, it is
+ possible to save compiled patterns and study data, and then use them later
+ in different processes, possibly even on different hosts. For a discussion
+ about this, see the
+ .\" HREF
+ \fBpcreprecompile\fP
+ .\"
+ documentation.
+ .P
+ Here is an example of a simple call to \fBpcre_exec()\fP:
+ .sp
    int rc;
    int ovector[30];
    rc = pcre_exec(
-Line 647 
 Here is an example of a simple call to \
+Line 795 
 Here is an example of a simple call to \
 ,             /* the length of the subject string */
 ,              /* start at offset 0 in the subject */
 ,              /* default options */
-     ovector,        /* vector for substring information */
+     ovector,        /* vector of integers for substring information */
-);            /* number of elements in the vector */
+);            /* number of elements in the vector (NOT size in bytes) */
+ .
- If the \fIextra\fR argument is not NULL, it must point to a \fBpcre_extra\fR
+ .\" HTML <a name="extradata"></a>
- data block. The \fBpcre_study()\fR function returns such a block (when it
+ .SS "Extra data for \fBpcre_exec()\fR"
+ .rs
+ .sp
+ If the \fIextra\fP argument is not NULL, it must point to a \fBpcre_extra\fP
+ data block. The \fBpcre_study()\fP function returns such a block (when it
  doesn't return NULL), but you can also create one for yourself, and pass
- additional information in it. The fields in the block are as follows:
+ additional information in it. The fields in a \fBpcre_extra\fP block are as
+ follows:
-   unsigned long int \fIflags\fR;
+ .sp
-   void *\fIstudy_data\fR;
+   unsigned long int \fIflags\fP;
-   unsigned long int \fImatch_limit\fR;
+   void *\fIstudy_data\fP;
-   void *\fIcallout_data\fR;
+   unsigned long int \fImatch_limit\fP;
+   void *\fIcallout_data\fP;
- The \fIflags\fR field is a bitmap that specifies which of the other fields
+   const unsigned char *\fItables\fP;
+ .sp
+ The \fIflags\fP field is a bitmap that specifies which of the other fields
  are set. The flag bits are:
+ .sp
    PCRE_EXTRA_STUDY_DATA
    PCRE_EXTRA_MATCH_LIMIT
    PCRE_EXTRA_CALLOUT_DATA
+   PCRE_EXTRA_TABLES
- Other flag bits should be set to zero. The \fIstudy_data\fR field is set in the
+ .sp
- \fBpcre_extra\fR block that is returned by \fBpcre_study()\fR, together with
+ Other flag bits should be set to zero. The \fIstudy_data\fP field is set in the
- the appropriate flag bit. You should not set this yourself, but you can add to
+ \fBpcre_extra\fP block that is returned by \fBpcre_study()\fP, together with
- the block by setting the other fields.
+ the appropriate flag bit. You should not set this yourself, but you may add to
+ the block by setting the other fields and their corresponding flag bits.
- The \fImatch_limit\fR field provides a means of preventing PCRE from using up a
+ .P
+ The \fImatch_limit\fP field provides a means of preventing PCRE from using up a
  vast amount of resources when running patterns that are not going to match,
  but which have a very large number of possibilities in their search trees. The
- classic example is the use of nested unlimited repeats. Internally, PCRE uses a
+ classic example is the use of nested unlimited repeats.
- function called \fBmatch()\fR which it calls repeatedly (sometimes
+ .P
- recursively). The limit is imposed on the number of times this function is
+ Internally, PCRE uses a function called \fBmatch()\fP which it calls repeatedly
- called during a match, which has the effect of limiting the amount of recursion
+ (sometimes recursively). The limit is imposed on the number of times this
- and backtracking that can take place. For patterns that are not anchored, the
+ function is called during a match, which has the effect of limiting the amount
- count starts from zero for each position in the subject string.
+ of recursion and backtracking that can take place. For patterns that are not
+ anchored, the count starts from zero for each position in the subject string.
+ .P
  The default limit for the library can be set when PCRE is built; the default
  default is 10 million, which handles all but the most extreme cases. You can
- reduce the default by suppling \fBpcre_exec()\fR with a \fRpcre_extra\fR block
+ reduce the default by suppling \fBpcre_exec()\fP with a \fBpcre_extra\fP block
- in which \fImatch_limit\fR is set to a smaller value, and
+ in which \fImatch_limit\fP is set to a smaller value, and
- PCRE_EXTRA_MATCH_LIMIT is set in the \fIflags\fR field. If the limit is
+ PCRE_EXTRA_MATCH_LIMIT is set in the \fIflags\fP field. If the limit is
- exceeded, \fBpcre_exec()\fR returns PCRE_ERROR_MATCHLIMIT.
+ exceeded, \fBpcre_exec()\fP returns PCRE_ERROR_MATCHLIMIT.
+ .P
- The \fIpcre_callout\fR field is used in conjunction with the "callout" feature,
+ The \fIpcre_callout\fP field is used in conjunction with the "callout" feature,
- which is described in the \fBpcrecallout\fR documentation.
+ which is described in the
+ .\" HREF
- The PCRE_ANCHORED option can be passed in the \fIoptions\fR argument, whose
+ \fBpcrecallout\fP
- unused bits must be zero. This limits \fBpcre_exec()\fR to matching at the
+ .\"
- first matching position. However, if a pattern was compiled with PCRE_ANCHORED,
+ documentation.
- or turned out to be anchored by virtue of its contents, it cannot be made
+ .P
- unachored at matching time.
+ The \fItables\fP field is used to pass a character tables pointer to
+ \fBpcre_exec()\fP; this overrides the value that is stored with the compiled
- There are also three further options that can be set only at matching time:
+ pattern. A non-NULL value is stored with the compiled pattern only if custom
+ tables were supplied to \fBpcre_compile()\fP via its \fItableptr\fP argument.
+ If NULL is passed to \fBpcre_exec()\fP using this mechanism, it forces PCRE's
+ internal tables to be used. This facility is helpful when re-using patterns
+ that have been saved after compiling with an external set of tables, because
+ the external tables might be at a different address when \fBpcre_exec()\fP is
+ called. See the
+ .\" HREF
+ \fBpcreprecompile\fP
+ .\"
+ documentation for a discussion of saving compiled patterns for later use.
+ .
+ .SS "Option bits for \fBpcre_exec()\fP"
+ .rs
+ .sp
+ The unused bits of the \fIoptions\fP argument for \fBpcre_exec()\fP must be
+ zero. The only bits that may be set are PCRE_ANCHORED, PCRE_NOTBOL,
+ PCRE_NOTEOL, PCRE_NOTEMPTY, PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK and PCRE_PARTIAL.
+ .sp
+   PCRE_ANCHORED
+ .sp
+ The PCRE_ANCHORED option limits \fBpcre_exec()\fP to matching at the first
+ matching position. If a pattern was compiled with PCRE_ANCHORED, or turned out
+ to be anchored by virtue of its contents, it cannot be made unachored at
+ matching time.
+ .sp
    PCRE_NOTBOL
+ .sp
- The first character of the string is not the beginning of a line, so the
+ This option specifies that first character of the subject string is not the
- circumflex metacharacter should not match before it. Setting this without
+ beginning of a line, so the circumflex metacharacter should not match before
- PCRE_MULTILINE (at compile time) causes circumflex never to match.
+ it. Setting this without PCRE_MULTILINE (at compile time) causes circumflex
+ never to match. This option affects only the behaviour of the circumflex
+ metacharacter. It does not affect \eA.
+ .sp
    PCRE_NOTEOL
+ .sp
- The end of the string is not the end of a line, so the dollar metacharacter
+ This option specifies that the end of the subject string is not the end of a
- should not match it nor (except in multiline mode) a newline immediately before
+ line, so the dollar metacharacter should not match it nor (except in multiline
- it. Setting this without PCRE_MULTILINE (at compile time) causes dollar never
+ mode) a newline immediately before it. Setting this without PCRE_MULTILINE (at
- to match.
+ compile time) causes dollar never to match. This option affects only the
+ behaviour of the dollar metacharacter. It does not affect \eZ or \ez.
+ .sp
    PCRE_NOTEMPTY
+ .sp
  An empty string is not considered to be a valid match if this option is set. If
  there are alternatives in the pattern, they are tried. If all the alternatives
  match the empty string, the entire match fails. For example, if the pattern
+ .sp
    a?b?
+ .sp
  is applied to a string not beginning with "a" or "b", it matches the empty
  string at the start of the subject. With PCRE_NOTEMPTY set, this match is not
  valid, so PCRE searches further into the string for occurrences of "a" or "b".
+ .P
  Perl has no direct equivalent of PCRE_NOTEMPTY, but it does make a special case
- of a pattern match of the empty string within its \fBsplit()\fR function, and
+ of a pattern match of the empty string within its \fBsplit()\fP function, and
  when using the /g modifier. It is possible to emulate Perl's behaviour after
  matching a null string by first trying the match again at the same offset with
- PCRE_NOTEMPTY set, and then if that fails by advancing the starting offset (see
+ PCRE_NOTEMPTY and PCRE_ANCHORED, and then if that fails by advancing the
- below) and trying an ordinary match again.
+ starting offset (see below) and trying an ordinary match again. There is some
+ code that demonstrates how to do this in the \fIpcredemo.c\fP sample program.
- The subject string is passed to \fBpcre_exec()\fR as a pointer in
+ .sp
- \fIsubject\fR, a length in \fIlength\fR, and a starting offset in
+   PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK
- \fIstartoffset\fR. Unlike the pattern string, the subject may contain binary
+ .sp
- zero bytes. When the starting offset is zero, the search for a match starts at
+ When PCRE_UTF8 is set at compile time, the validity of the subject as a UTF-8
- the beginning of the subject, and this is by far the most common case.
+ string is automatically checked when \fBpcre_exec()\fP is subsequently called.
+ The value of \fIstartoffset\fP is also checked to ensure that it points to the
- If the pattern was compiled with the PCRE_UTF8 option, the subject must be a
+ start of a UTF-8 character. If an invalid UTF-8 sequence of bytes is found,
- sequence of bytes that is a valid UTF-8 string. If an invalid UTF-8 string is
+ \fBpcre_exec()\fP returns the error PCRE_ERROR_BADUTF8. If \fIstartoffset\fP
- passed, PCRE's behaviour is not defined.
+ contains an invalid value, PCRE_ERROR_BADUTF8_OFFSET is returned.
+ .P
+ If you already know that your subject is valid, and you want to skip these
+ checks for performance reasons, you can set the PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK option when
+ calling \fBpcre_exec()\fP. You might want to do this for the second and
+ subsequent calls to \fBpcre_exec()\fP if you are making repeated calls to find
+ all the matches in a single subject string. However, you should be sure that
+ the value of \fIstartoffset\fP points to the start of a UTF-8 character. When
+ PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK is set, the effect of passing an invalid UTF-8 string as a
+ subject, or a value of \fIstartoffset\fP that does not point to the start of a
+ UTF-8 character, is undefined. Your program may crash.
+ .sp
+   PCRE_PARTIAL
+ .sp
+ This option turns on the partial matching feature. If the subject string fails
+ to match the pattern, but at some point during the matching process the end of
+ the subject was reached (that is, the subject partially matches the pattern and
+ the failure to match occurred only because there were not enough subject
+ characters), \fBpcre_exec()\fP returns PCRE_ERROR_PARTIAL instead of
+ PCRE_ERROR_NOMATCH. When PCRE_PARTIAL is used, there are restrictions on what
+ may appear in the pattern. These are discussed in the
+ .\" HREF
+ \fBpcrepartial\fP
+ .\"
+ documentation.
+ .
+ .SS "The string to be matched by \fBpcre_exec()\fP"
+ .rs
+ .sp
+ The subject string is passed to \fBpcre_exec()\fP as a pointer in
+ \fIsubject\fP, a length in \fIlength\fP, and a starting byte offset in
+ \fIstartoffset\fP. In UTF-8 mode, the byte offset must point to the start of a
+ UTF-8 character. Unlike the pattern string, the subject may contain binary zero
+ bytes. When the starting offset is zero, the search for a match starts at the
+ beginning of the subject, and this is by far the most common case.
+ .P
  A non-zero starting offset is useful when searching for another match in the
- same subject by calling \fBpcre_exec()\fR again after a previous success.
+ same subject by calling \fBpcre_exec()\fP again after a previous success.
- Setting \fIstartoffset\fR differs from just passing over a shortened string and
+ Setting \fIstartoffset\fP differs from just passing over a shortened string and
  setting PCRE_NOTBOL in the case of a pattern that begins with any kind of
  lookbehind. For example, consider the pattern
+ .sp
-   \\Biss\\B
+   \eBiss\eB
+ .sp
- which finds occurrences of "iss" in the middle of words. (\\B matches only if
+ which finds occurrences of "iss" in the middle of words. (\eB matches only if
  the current position in the subject is not a word boundary.) When applied to
- the string "Mississipi" the first call to \fBpcre_exec()\fR finds the first
+ the string "Mississipi" the first call to \fBpcre_exec()\fP finds the first
- occurrence. If \fBpcre_exec()\fR is called again with just the remainder of the
+ occurrence. If \fBpcre_exec()\fP is called again with just the remainder of the
- subject, namely "issipi", it does not match, because \\B is always false at the
+ subject, namely "issipi", it does not match, because \eB is always false at the
  start of the subject, which is deemed to be a word boundary. However, if
- \fBpcre_exec()\fR is passed the entire string again, but with \fIstartoffset\fR
+ \fBpcre_exec()\fP is passed the entire string again, but with \fIstartoffset\fP
  set to 4, it finds the second occurrence of "iss" because it is able to look
  behind the starting point to discover that it is preceded by a letter.
+ .P
  If a non-zero starting offset is passed when the pattern is anchored, one
- attempt to match at the given offset is tried. This can only succeed if the
+ attempt to match at the given offset is made. This can only succeed if the
  pattern does not require the match to be at the start of the subject.
+ .
+ .SS "How \fBpcre_exec()\fP returns captured substrings"
+ .rs
+ .sp
  In general, a pattern matches a certain portion of the subject, and in
  addition, further substrings from the subject may be picked out by parts of the
  pattern. Following the usage in Jeffrey Friedl's book, this is called
  "capturing" in what follows, and the phrase "capturing subpattern" is used for
  a fragment of a pattern that picks out a substring. PCRE supports several other
  kinds of parenthesized subpattern that do not cause substrings to be captured.
+ .P
  Captured substrings are returned to the caller via a vector of integer offsets
- whose address is passed in \fIovector\fR. The number of elements in the vector
+ whose address is passed in \fIovector\fP. The number of elements in the vector
- is passed in \fIovecsize\fR. The first two-thirds of the vector is used to pass
+ is passed in \fIovecsize\fP, which must be a non-negative number. \fBNote\fP:
- back captured substrings, each substring using a pair of integers. The
+ this argument is NOT the size of \fIovector\fP in bytes.
- remaining third of the vector is used as workspace by \fBpcre_exec()\fR while
+ .P
- matching capturing subpatterns, and is not available for passing back
+ The first two-thirds of the vector is used to pass back captured substrings,
- information. The length passed in \fIovecsize\fR should always be a multiple of
+ each substring using a pair of integers. The remaining third of the vector is
- three. If it is not, it is rounded down.
+ used as workspace by \fBpcre_exec()\fP while matching capturing subpatterns,
+ and is not available for passing back information. The length passed in
- When a match has been successful, information about captured substrings is
+ \fIovecsize\fP should always be a multiple of three. If it is not, it is
- returned in pairs of integers, starting at the beginning of \fIovector\fR, and
+ rounded down.
+ .P
+ When a match is successful, information about captured substrings is returned
+ in pairs of integers, starting at the beginning of \fIovector\fP, and
  continuing up to two-thirds of its length at the most. The first element of a
  pair is set to the offset of the first character in a substring, and the second
  is set to the offset of the first character after the end of a substring. The
- first pair, \fIovector[0]\fR and \fIovector[1]\fR, identify the portion of the
+ first pair, \fIovector[0]\fP and \fIovector[1]\fP, identify the portion of the
  subject string matched by the entire pattern. The next pair is used for the
- first capturing subpattern, and so on. The value returned by \fBpcre_exec()\fR
+ first capturing subpattern, and so on. The value returned by \fBpcre_exec()\fP
  is the number of pairs that have been set. If there are no capturing
  subpatterns, the return value from a successful match is 1, indicating that
  just the first pair of offsets has been set.
+ .P
  Some convenience functions are provided for extracting the captured substrings
  as separate strings. These are described in the following section.
+ .P
- It is possible for an capturing subpattern number \fIn+1\fR to match some
+ It is possible for an capturing subpattern number \fIn+1\fP to match some
- part of the subject when subpattern \fIn\fR has not been used at all. For
+ part of the subject when subpattern \fIn\fP has not been used at all. For
  example, if the string "abc" is matched against the pattern (a|(z))(bc)
  subpatterns 1 and 3 are matched, but 2 is not. When this happens, both offset
  values corresponding to the unused subpattern are set to -1.
+ .P
  If a capturing subpattern is matched repeatedly, it is the last portion of the
- string that it matched that gets returned.
+ string that it matched that is returned.
+ .P
- If the vector is too small to hold all the captured substrings, it is used as
+ If the vector is too small to hold all the captured substring offsets, it is
- far as possible (up to two-thirds of its length), and the function returns a
+ used as far as possible (up to two-thirds of its length), and the function
- value of zero. In particular, if the substring offsets are not of interest,
+ returns a value of zero. In particular, if the substring offsets are not of
- \fBpcre_exec()\fR may be called with \fIovector\fR passed as NULL and
+ interest, \fBpcre_exec()\fP may be called with \fIovector\fP passed as NULL and
- \fIovecsize\fR as zero. However, if the pattern contains back references and
+ \fIovecsize\fP as zero. However, if the pattern contains back references and
- the \fIovector\fR isn't big enough to remember the related substrings, PCRE has
+ the \fIovector\fP is not big enough to remember the related substrings, PCRE
- to get additional memory for use during matching. Thus it is usually advisable
+ has to get additional memory for use during matching. Thus it is usually
- to supply an \fIovector\fR.
+ advisable to supply an \fIovector\fP.
+ .P
- Note that \fBpcre_info()\fR can be used to find out how many capturing
+ Note that \fBpcre_info()\fP can be used to find out how many capturing
  subpatterns there are in a compiled pattern. The smallest size for
- \fIovector\fR that will allow for \fIn\fR captured substrings, in addition to
+ \fIovector\fP that will allow for \fIn\fP captured substrings, in addition to
- the offsets of the substring matched by the whole pattern, is (\fIn\fR+1)*3.
+ the offsets of the substring matched by the whole pattern, is (\fIn\fP+1)*3.
+ .
- If \fBpcre_exec()\fR fails, it returns a negative number. The following are
+ .SS "Return values from \fBpcre_exec()\fP"
+ .rs
+ .sp
+ If \fBpcre_exec()\fP fails, it returns a negative number. The following are
  defined in the header file:
+ .sp
    PCRE_ERROR_NOMATCH        (-1)
+ .sp
  The subject string did not match the pattern.
+ .sp
    PCRE_ERROR_NULL           (-2)
+ .sp
- Either \fIcode\fR or \fIsubject\fR was passed as NULL, or \fIovector\fR was
+ Either \fIcode\fP or \fIsubject\fP was passed as NULL, or \fIovector\fP was
- NULL and \fIovecsize\fR was not zero.
+ NULL and \fIovecsize\fP was not zero.
+ .sp
    PCRE_ERROR_BADOPTION      (-3)
+ .sp
- An unrecognized bit was set in the \fIoptions\fR argument.
+ An unrecognized bit was set in the \fIoptions\fP argument.
+ .sp
    PCRE_ERROR_BADMAGIC       (-4)
+ .sp
  PCRE stores a 4-byte "magic number" at the start of the compiled code, to catch
- the case when it is passed a junk pointer. This is the error it gives when the
+ the case when it is passed a junk pointer and to detect when a pattern that was
- magic number isn't present.
+ compiled in an environment of one endianness is run in an environment with the
+ other endianness. This is the error that PCRE gives when the magic number is
+ not present.
+ .sp
    PCRE_ERROR_UNKNOWN_NODE   (-5)
+ .sp
  While running the pattern match, an unknown item was encountered in the
  compiled pattern. This error could be caused by a bug in PCRE or by overwriting
  of the compiled pattern.
+ .sp
    PCRE_ERROR_NOMEMORY       (-6)
+ .sp
- If a pattern contains back references, but the \fIovector\fR that is passed to
+ If a pattern contains back references, but the \fIovector\fP that is passed to
- \fBpcre_exec()\fR is not big enough to remember the referenced substrings, PCRE
+ \fBpcre_exec()\fP is not big enough to remember the referenced substrings, PCRE
  gets a block of memory at the start of matching to use for this purpose. If the
- call via \fBpcre_malloc()\fR fails, this error is given. The memory is freed at
+ call via \fBpcre_malloc()\fP fails, this error is given. The memory is
- the end of matching.
+ automatically freed at the end of matching.
+ .sp
    PCRE_ERROR_NOSUBSTRING    (-7)
+ .sp
- This error is used by the \fBpcre_copy_substring()\fR,
+ This error is used by the \fBpcre_copy_substring()\fP,
- \fBpcre_get_substring()\fR, and \fBpcre_get_substring_list()\fR functions (see
+ \fBpcre_get_substring()\fP, and \fBpcre_get_substring_list()\fP functions (see
- below). It is never returned by \fBpcre_exec()\fR.
+ below). It is never returned by \fBpcre_exec()\fP.
+ .sp
    PCRE_ERROR_MATCHLIMIT     (-8)
+ .sp
- The recursion and backtracking limit, as specified by the \fImatch_limit\fR
+ The recursion and backtracking limit, as specified by the \fImatch_limit\fP
- field in a \fBpcre_extra\fR structure (or defaulted) was reached. See the
+ field in a \fBpcre_extra\fP structure (or defaulted) was reached. See the
  description above.
+ .sp
    PCRE_ERROR_CALLOUT        (-9)
+ .sp
- This error is never generated by \fBpcre_exec()\fR itself. It is provided for
+ This error is never generated by \fBpcre_exec()\fP itself. It is provided for
  use by callout functions that want to yield a distinctive error code. See the
- \fBpcrecallout\fR documentation for details.
+ .\" HREF
+ \fBpcrecallout\fP
- .SH EXTRACTING CAPTURED SUBSTRINGS BY NUMBER
+ .\"
+ documentation for details.
+ .sp
+   PCRE_ERROR_BADUTF8        (-10)
+ .sp
+ A string that contains an invalid UTF-8 byte sequence was passed as a subject.
+ .sp
+   PCRE_ERROR_BADUTF8_OFFSET (-11)
+ .sp
+ The UTF-8 byte sequence that was passed as a subject was valid, but the value
+ of \fIstartoffset\fP did not point to the beginning of a UTF-8 character.
+ .sp
+   PCRE_ERROR_PARTIAL (-12)
+ .sp
+ The subject string did not match, but it did match partially. See the
+ .\" HREF
+ \fBpcrepartial\fP
+ .\"
+ documentation for details of partial matching.
+ .sp
+   PCRE_ERROR_BAD_PARTIAL (-13)
+ .sp
+ The PCRE_PARTIAL option was used with a compiled pattern containing items that
+ are not supported for partial matching. See the
+ .\" HREF
+ \fBpcrepartial\fP
+ .\"
+ documentation for details of partial matching.
+ .sp
+   PCRE_ERROR_INTERNAL (-14)
+ .sp
+ An unexpected internal error has occurred. This error could be caused by a bug
+ in PCRE or by overwriting of the compiled pattern.
+ .sp
+   PCRE_ERROR_BADCOUNT (-15)
+ .sp
+ This error is given if the value of the \fIovecsize\fP argument is negative.
+ .
+ .
+ .SH "EXTRACTING CAPTURED SUBSTRINGS BY NUMBER"
  .rs
  .sp
- .B int pcre_copy_substring(const char *\fIsubject\fR, int *\fIovector\fR,
+ .B int pcre_copy_substring(const char *\fIsubject\fP, int *\fIovector\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B int \fIstringcount\fR, int \fIstringnumber\fR, char *\fIbuffer\fR,
+ .B int \fIstringcount\fP, int \fIstringnumber\fP, char *\fIbuffer\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B int \fIbuffersize\fR);
+ .B int \fIbuffersize\fP);
  .PP
  .br
- .B int pcre_get_substring(const char *\fIsubject\fR, int *\fIovector\fR,
+ .B int pcre_get_substring(const char *\fIsubject\fP, int *\fIovector\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B int \fIstringcount\fR, int \fIstringnumber\fR,
+ .B int \fIstringcount\fP, int \fIstringnumber\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B const char **\fIstringptr\fR);
+ .B const char **\fIstringptr\fP);
  .PP
  .br
- .B int pcre_get_substring_list(const char *\fIsubject\fR,
+ .B int pcre_get_substring_list(const char *\fIsubject\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B int *\fIovector\fR, int \fIstringcount\fR, "const char ***\fIlistptr\fR);"
+ .B int *\fIovector\fP, int \fIstringcount\fP, "const char ***\fIlistptr\fP);"
  .PP
  Captured substrings can be accessed directly by using the offsets returned by
- \fBpcre_exec()\fR in \fIovector\fR. For convenience, the functions
+ \fBpcre_exec()\fP in \fIovector\fP. For convenience, the functions
- \fBpcre_copy_substring()\fR, \fBpcre_get_substring()\fR, and
+ \fBpcre_copy_substring()\fP, \fBpcre_get_substring()\fP, and
- \fBpcre_get_substring_list()\fR are provided for extracting captured substrings
+ \fBpcre_get_substring_list()\fP are provided for extracting captured substrings
  as new, separate, zero-terminated strings. These functions identify substrings
  by number. The next section describes functions for extracting named
  substrings. A substring that contains a binary zero is correctly extracted and
  has a further zero added on the end, but the result is not, of course,
  a C string.
+ .P
  The first three arguments are the same for all three of these functions:
- \fIsubject\fR is the subject string which has just been successfully matched,
+ \fIsubject\fP is the subject string that has just been successfully matched,
- \fIovector\fR is a pointer to the vector of integer offsets that was passed to
+ \fIovector\fP is a pointer to the vector of integer offsets that was passed to
- \fBpcre_exec()\fR, and \fIstringcount\fR is the number of substrings that were
+ \fBpcre_exec()\fP, and \fIstringcount\fP is the number of substrings that were
  captured by the match, including the substring that matched the entire regular
- expression. This is the value returned by \fBpcre_exec\fR if it is greater than
+ expression. This is the value returned by \fBpcre_exec()\fP if it is greater
- zero. If \fBpcre_exec()\fR returned zero, indicating that it ran out of space
+ than zero. If \fBpcre_exec()\fP returned zero, indicating that it ran out of
- in \fIovector\fR, the value passed as \fIstringcount\fR should be the size of
+ space in \fIovector\fP, the value passed as \fIstringcount\fP should be the
- the vector divided by three.
+ number of elements in the vector divided by three.
+ .P
- The functions \fBpcre_copy_substring()\fR and \fBpcre_get_substring()\fR
+ The functions \fBpcre_copy_substring()\fP and \fBpcre_get_substring()\fP
- extract a single substring, whose number is given as \fIstringnumber\fR. A
+ extract a single substring, whose number is given as \fIstringnumber\fP. A
- value of zero extracts the substring that matched the entire pattern, while
+ value of zero extracts the substring that matched the entire pattern, whereas
- higher values extract the captured substrings. For \fBpcre_copy_substring()\fR,
+ higher values extract the captured substrings. For \fBpcre_copy_substring()\fP,
- the string is placed in \fIbuffer\fR, whose length is given by
+ the string is placed in \fIbuffer\fP, whose length is given by
- \fIbuffersize\fR, while for \fBpcre_get_substring()\fR a new block of memory is
+ \fIbuffersize\fP, while for \fBpcre_get_substring()\fP a new block of memory is
- obtained via \fBpcre_malloc\fR, and its address is returned via
+ obtained via \fBpcre_malloc\fP, and its address is returned via
- \fIstringptr\fR. The yield of the function is the length of the string, not
+ \fIstringptr\fP. The yield of the function is the length of the string, not
  including the terminating zero, or one of
+ .sp
    PCRE_ERROR_NOMEMORY       (-6)
+ .sp
- The buffer was too small for \fBpcre_copy_substring()\fR, or the attempt to get
+ The buffer was too small for \fBpcre_copy_substring()\fP, or the attempt to get
- memory failed for \fBpcre_get_substring()\fR.
+ memory failed for \fBpcre_get_substring()\fP.
+ .sp
    PCRE_ERROR_NOSUBSTRING    (-7)
+ .sp
- There is no substring whose number is \fIstringnumber\fR.
+ There is no substring whose number is \fIstringnumber\fP.
+ .P
- The \fBpcre_get_substring_list()\fR function extracts all available substrings
+ The \fBpcre_get_substring_list()\fP function extracts all available substrings
  and builds a list of pointers to them. All this is done in a single block of
- memory which is obtained via \fBpcre_malloc\fR. The address of the memory block
+ memory that is obtained via \fBpcre_malloc\fP. The address of the memory block
- is returned via \fIlistptr\fR, which is also the start of the list of string
+ is returned via \fIlistptr\fP, which is also the start of the list of string
  pointers. The end of the list is marked by a NULL pointer. The yield of the
  function is zero if all went well, or
+ .sp
    PCRE_ERROR_NOMEMORY       (-6)
+ .sp
  if the attempt to get the memory block failed.
+ .P
  When any of these functions encounter a substring that is unset, which can
- happen when capturing subpattern number \fIn+1\fR matches some part of the
+ happen when capturing subpattern number \fIn+1\fP matches some part of the
- subject, but subpattern \fIn\fR has not been used at all, they return an empty
+ subject, but subpattern \fIn\fP has not been used at all, they return an empty
  string. This can be distinguished from a genuine zero-length substring by
- inspecting the appropriate offset in \fIovector\fR, which is negative for unset
+ inspecting the appropriate offset in \fIovector\fP, which is negative for unset
  substrings.
+ .P
- The two convenience functions \fBpcre_free_substring()\fR and
+ The two convenience functions \fBpcre_free_substring()\fP and
- \fBpcre_free_substring_list()\fR can be used to free the memory returned by
+ \fBpcre_free_substring_list()\fP can be used to free the memory returned by
- a previous call of \fBpcre_get_substring()\fR or
+ a previous call of \fBpcre_get_substring()\fP or
- \fBpcre_get_substring_list()\fR, respectively. They do nothing more than call
+ \fBpcre_get_substring_list()\fP, respectively. They do nothing more than call
- the function pointed to by \fBpcre_free\fR, which of course could be called
+ the function pointed to by \fBpcre_free\fP, which of course could be called
  directly from a C program. However, PCRE is used in some situations where it is
  linked via a special interface to another programming language which cannot use
- \fBpcre_free\fR directly; it is for these cases that the functions are
+ \fBpcre_free\fP directly; it is for these cases that the functions are
  provided.
+ .
- .SH EXTRACTING CAPTURED SUBSTRINGS BY NAME
+ .
+ .SH "EXTRACTING CAPTURED SUBSTRINGS BY NAME"
  .rs
  .sp
- .B int pcre_copy_named_substring(const pcre *\fIcode\fR,
+ .B int pcre_get_stringnumber(const pcre *\fIcode\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B const char *\fIsubject\fR, int *\fIovector\fR,
+ .B const char *\fIname\fP);
- .ti +5n
- .B int \fIstringcount\fR, const char *\fIstringname\fR,
- .ti +5n
- .B char *\fIbuffer\fR, int \fIbuffersize\fR);
  .PP
  .br
- .B int pcre_get_stringnumber(const pcre *\fIcode\fR,
+ .B int pcre_copy_named_substring(const pcre *\fIcode\fP,
+ .ti +5n
+ .B const char *\fIsubject\fP, int *\fIovector\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B const char *\fIname\fR);
+ .B int \fIstringcount\fP, const char *\fIstringname\fP,
+ .ti +5n
+ .B char *\fIbuffer\fP, int \fIbuffersize\fP);
  .PP
  .br
- .B int pcre_get_named_substring(const pcre *\fIcode\fR,
+ .B int pcre_get_named_substring(const pcre *\fIcode\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B const char *\fIsubject\fR, int *\fIovector\fR,
+ .B const char *\fIsubject\fP, int *\fIovector\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B int \fIstringcount\fR, const char *\fIstringname\fR,
+ .B int \fIstringcount\fP, const char *\fIstringname\fP,
  .ti +5n
- .B const char **\fIstringptr\fR);
+ .B const char **\fIstringptr\fP);
  .PP
- To extract a substring by name, you first have to find associated number. This
+ To extract a substring by name, you first have to find associated number.
- can be done by calling \fBpcre_get_stringnumber()\fR. The first argument is the
+ For example, for this pattern
- compiled pattern, and the second is the name. For example, for this pattern
+ .sp
+   (a+)b(?<xxx>\ed+)...
-   ab(?<xxx>\\d+)...
+ .sp
+ the number of the subpattern called "xxx" is 2. You can find the number from
- the number of the subpattern called "xxx" is 1. Given the number, you can then
+ the name by calling \fBpcre_get_stringnumber()\fP. The first argument is the
- extract the substring directly, or use one of the functions described in the
+ compiled pattern, and the second is the name. The yield of the function is the
- previous section. For convenience, there are also two functions that do the
+ subpattern number, or PCRE_ERROR_NOSUBSTRING (-7) if there is no subpattern of
- whole job.
+ that name.
+ .P
- Most of the arguments of \fIpcre_copy_named_substring()\fR and
+ Given the number, you can extract the substring directly, or use one of the
- \fIpcre_get_named_substring()\fR are the same as those for the functions that
+ functions described in the previous section. For convenience, there are also
- extract by number, and so are not re-described here. There are just two
+ two functions that do the whole job.
- differences.
+ .P
+ Most of the arguments of \fIpcre_copy_named_substring()\fP and
+ \fIpcre_get_named_substring()\fP are the same as those for the similarly named
+ functions that extract by number. As these are described in the previous
+ section, they are not re-described here. There are just two differences:
+ .P
  First, instead of a substring number, a substring name is given. Second, there
  is an extra argument, given at the start, which is a pointer to the compiled
  pattern. This is needed in order to gain access to the name-to-number
  translation table.
+ .P
- These functions call \fBpcre_get_stringnumber()\fR, and if it succeeds, they
+ These functions call \fBpcre_get_stringnumber()\fP, and if it succeeds, they
- then call \fIpcre_copy_substring()\fR or \fIpcre_get_substring()\fR, as
+ then call \fIpcre_copy_substring()\fP or \fIpcre_get_substring()\fP, as
  appropriate.
+ .P
  .in 0
- Last updated: 03 February 2003
+ Last updated: 09 September 2004
  .br
- Copyright (c) 1997-2003 University of Cambridge.
+ Copyright (c) 1997-2004 University of Cambridge.

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